Volcano Data and Links 01 – www.Tribulation101.com

Volcano Data and Links 01

The information on this page will help you understand how Volcanoes will be the main part of the Great Tribulation Period.

1902 Mont Pelée, Martinique	An extremely destructive eruption accompanied the growth of a dome at Mont Pelée in 1902. Pyroclastic flows completely destroyed the town of St. Pierre, Martinique (65,000 people), killing nearly 30,000 inhabitants. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.39. and Tilling, 1985, Volcanoes: USGS General Interest Publication, p.16-17.
1912 Novarupta, Alaska	Largest U.S. volcanic eruption of the 20th century, produced 21 cubic kilometers of volcanic material, which is equivalent to 230 years of eruption at Kilauea (Hawaii). (Or, about 30 times the volume erupted by Mount St. Helens in 1980.) Pyroclastic flow filled Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, and as much as 0.3 meter of ash fell 161 kilometers away. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5, and Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States, USGS General Interest Publication, p.30. )
1914-1917 Lassen Peak, California	Pyroclastic flows, debris flows, and lava flows covered over 16 square kilometers. This eruption was moderate compared to major eruptions at other volcanoes in the world during recorded history. No one was killed in the Mount Lassen eruption and damage was minor. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5., and Tilling, 1980, Earthquake Information Bulletin, v.12, n.4, p.163.
1980-1986 Mount St. Helens, Washington	Initial debris avalanche and lateral blast on May 18, 1980, removed the upper 396 meters of the volcano, killed 57 people, and triggered debris flows that temporarily stopped shipping on the Columbia River and disrupted highways and rail lines. The blast devastated 596 square kilometers, and destroyed timber valued at several millions of dollars. Measurable amounts of ash fell as far east as North Dakota. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5.
Since 1983 Kilauea, Hawaii	Nearly 78 square kilometers covered by lava and over 180 dwellings destroyed including, in 1990, the entire historic community of Kalapana. 121 square hectometers of new land added to the island of Hawaii. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5.
1984 Mauna Loa, Hawaii	Hilo, the largest city on the Island of Hawaii, was threatened by lava flows. The eruption began before dawn on March 25, 1984. Brilliant lava fountains lit the night-time sky as fissures opened across the floor of the caldera. Within hours, the summit activity stopped and lava began erupting from a series of vents along the northeast rift zone. When the eruption stopped 3 weeks later, lava flows were only 6.5 kilometers from buildings in the city of Hilo. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5, and Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States, USGS General Interest Publication, p.12.
1984 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia	The town of Armero, Colombia — buried by mudflows triggered by the 1985 eruption at Nevado del Ruiz — was located on a debris fan that was overrun by destructive mudflows in the year 1595, shortly after the arrival of the Spanish colonists, and again in 1845, killing hundreds of people in each instance. During the ensuing 140-year period of inactivity, people forgot and the town was rebuilt at the same site and grew in population. Although a preliminary hazard-zone map for Ruiz, completed one month before the November 1985 eruption, clearly delineated Armero as being especially vulnerable to mudflows, emergency-response measures taken during the eruption were entirely inadequate to save the more than 23,000 lives lost when the mudflows struck. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.21.
1986 Augustine Volcano, Alaska	Ash plume disrupted air traffic and deposited ash in Anchorage. A dome built in the crater led to fear of dome collapse triggering a tsunami along the east shore of Cook Inlet, as happened in 1883, when a part of the volcano’s summit collapsed into the sea. Within one hour, a tsunami as high as 9 meters crashed ashore on the coast of the Kenai Peninsula 80 kilometers away. No one was killed and property damage was only minor because the tsunami hit at low tide. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5, and Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States, USGS General Interest Publication, p.29.
1989-1990 Redoubt Volcano, Alaska	Debris flows caused temporary closing of the Drift River Oil Terminal. A 747 jet aircraft temporarily lost power in all 4 engines when it entered the volcanic ash plume, and it would have crashed had its engines not been started just 1,219 meters above the mountain peaks toward which it was heading. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.5.
1991 Pinatubo Volcano, Philippines	Loss of life in the Pinatubo eruption was remarkably low, given the size of the eruption — 350 people died, mostly in buildings that collapsed. The alert system put in place by PHIVOLCS combined with effective communication among the USGS, PHIVOLCS, local civil defense agencies, and the U.S. Military Command prevented a much greater human disaster. — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, p.32.
Since 1995 Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies	The first historical eruption on Montserrat did not take place until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions were accompanied by lava dome growth and pyroclastic flows that initially forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and then destroyed the capital city of Plymouth. — Excerpt from: Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program Website, 1998

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Africa Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes East Africa Rift … Erta Ale … Kilimanjaro … Mount Cameroon … Lake Monoun … Lake Nyos … Nyamuragira … Nyiragongo … Oku Volcanic Field …
Maps and Graphics
- Map [16K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Cameroon, West Africa — includes Mount Cameroon and Oku Volcanic Field
- Map [25K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo — includes Nyamuragira, and Nyiragongo
- Map [25K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti — with eruptions since 1800 — includes Ardoukoba, Dallol, Dubbi, Erta Ale, Fentale, Kone, Manda-Inakir, and Tullu Moje Pumice Cone
- Map [25K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Tanzania — includes Kilimanjaro, Meru, and Ol Doinyo Lengai
Items of Interest
- Ardoukoba – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Africa Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Cameroon – Major Volcanoes of Cameroon, West Africa – Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Cameroon (Mount Cameroon) – Description
- Cameroon (Mount Cameroon) – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Cape Verde Islands Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — the Cape Verde Islands lie just west of the African Continental Margin
- Dallol – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Nyiragongo
- Dem. Rep. of the Congo – Major Volcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Djibouti – Major Volcanoes of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti – Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Dubbi – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- East Africa Rift – Description
- Erta Ale – Description
- Erta Ale – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Eritrea – Major Volcanoes of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti – Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Ethiopia – Major Volcanoes of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti – Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Fentale – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Kilimanjaro – Description
- Kilimanjaro – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Kone – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Lava Lakes – Description — general information about lava lakes such as Erta Ale and Nyamuragira
- Lava Lakes – Menu — general information about lava lakes such as Erta Ale and Nyamuragira
- Lake Nyos CO2 Release, August 1986 — Oku Volcanic Field, Cameroon, West Africa
- Lake Monoun CO2 Release, August 1984 — Oku Volcanic Field, Cameroon, West Africa
- Major Volcanoes of Cameroon, West Africa – Map — [Map,8K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djbouti – Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Tanzania – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Manda-Inakir – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- Marion Island, South Africa – Description — Indian Ocean Volcanoes
- Marion Island, South Africa – Menu — Indian Ocean Menu
- Meru – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Mount Cameroon – Description
- Mount Cameroon – Location Map — [Map,8K,InlineGIF]
- Mount Nyamuragira – Description
- Mount Nyamuragira – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Mount Nyiragongo – Decade Volcano Menu
- Mount Nyiragongo – Description
- Mount Nyiragongo – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Nyamuragira, (Mount Nyamuragira) – Description
- Nyamuragira (Mount Nyamuragira) – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Nyiragongo (Mount Nyiragongo) – Decade Volcano Menu — Decade Volcanoes Menu
- Nyiragongo (Mount Nyiragongo) – Description
- Nyiragongo (Mount Nyiragongo) – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Oku Volcanic Field – Description — Cameroon, West Africa
- Oku Volcanic Field – Location Map — [Map,8K,InlineGIF]
- Ol Doinyo Lengai – Location Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Plate Tectonics – Description — general information about Plate Tectonics, including the East Africa Rift
- Plate Tectonics – Menu — general information about Plate Tectonics, including the East Africa Rift
- Tanzania – Major Volcanoes of Tanzania – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF]
- Tullu Moje – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1986-2003 – Map — [Map,91K,InlineGIF]— includes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97
- Volcanic Fields – Description — general information about volcanic fields such as Oku Volcanic Field
- Volcanic Fields – Menu — general information about volcanic fields such as Oku Volcanic Field
- Volcanic Lakes and Gas Release – Description — general information about volcanic lakes and gas release — includes Lake Monoun (1984) and Lake Nyos (1986)
- Volcanic Lakes – Menu — general information about volcanic lakes and their hazards

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Africa/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Arizona Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — Bill Williams Mountain … Bonito Lava Flow … Chiricahua National Monument … Grand Canyon … Grand Canyon National Park … Kana-a Lava Flow … Kendrick Peak … O’Leary Peak … San Francisco Mountain … San Francisco Volcanic Field … Sitgreaves Mountain … Sugarloaf … Sunset Crater … Sunset Crater National Monument … Sunset Scoria Cone … Turkey Creek Caldera … Uinkaret Volcanic Field … Vulcan’s Forge … Vulcan’s Throne …
Special Items of Interest
- Visit A Volcano – Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument — includes information, maps, driving information, links, etc.
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Map [27K,InlineGIF]: Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Map [17K,InlineGIF]: Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Vicinity — Modified from: U.S. National Park Service
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the United States — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, includes Arizona Volcanoes
- Arizona Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Cinder Cones and Scoria Cones – Description
- Cinder Cones and Scoria Cones – Menu — general information on Cinder Cones such as Sunset Crater
- Climb A Volcano – Sunset Crater Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Grand Canyon Volcanics – Description
- Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States – Map — [Map,27K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Sunset Crater – Climb A Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Sunset Crater – Description
- Sunset Crater – Visit A Volcano — includes info, maps, driving instructions, tourism, etc.
- Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument – Climb A Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument – Map — [Map,17K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: U. S. National Park Service
- Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument – Visit A Volcano — includes information, maps, driving instructions, links, etc.
- Uinkaret Volcanic Field – Description
- Visit A Volcano – Sunset Crater — includes information, maps, driving instructions, links, etc.
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Description — general information about Volcanic Fields, such as Arizona’s Uinkaret and San Francisco Volcanic Fields
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Menu — general information about Volcanic Fields, such as Arizona’s Uinkaret and San Francisco Volcanic Fields
- Vulcan’s Forge and Vulcan’s Throne – Description
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — brief description about how the west was formed
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — general information about Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics
Useful Links
- REPORT: The San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona
  — Priest, et.al., 2001, USGS Fact Sheet 017-01, link courtesy USGS Geopubs Website, in PDF Format only, 10M
Other Menus of Interest
- Cinder Cones and Scoria Cones Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields Menu — CVO Menu
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Arizona/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
01/23/07, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Volcanic Ash — Aggluntinate … Airfall … Ash … Ashfall … Blocks … Bombs … Bread-crust bombs … Cinder … Cow-dung bombs … Fusiform bombs … Glass … Lapilli … Pele’s hair … Pele’s tears … Pumice … Pyroclastic-fallout … Reticulite … Ribbon bombs … Scoria … Spatter … Spindle bombs … Tephra … Tephra clasts … Tephra deposits … Tephra fall … Thread-lace scoria … Volcanic ash … Volcanic bombs … Welded spatter …
Terminology
- Select Volcano and Related Terminology — All aspects of volcanoes and volcanology including various tephra types
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Ash and Tephra
- CVO Photo Archives – Ash and Tephra – Mount St. Helens
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Ash and Tephra
Items of Interest
- A Simple Calculator of Ballistic Trajectories for Blocks Ejected during Volcanic Eruptions — Mastin, L.G., 2001, USGS Open-File Report 01-45, 16p
- Aircraft and Volcanic Ash – Menu
- Ash Accumulation of 10cm or More for Northern Cascade Volcanoes – Map — Modified from: Scott, et.al., 1995
- Ash and Tephra – Description
- Ash and Tephra – Photo Archives – Mount St. Helens
- Ash Accumulation of 10cm or More for Northern Cascade Volcanoes – Map — Modified from: Scott, et.al., 1995
- Ash Accumulation – Thickness vs. Distance of Select Cascade Range Tephras – Plot — Modified from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987
- Ashfall: Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980 — Excerpt from: Tilling, et.al., 1990
- Crater Lake Mazama Ash – Menu
- Danger in the Stratosphere: Aircraft and Volcanic Plumes — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, USGS Circular 1073
- Effects of Mount St. Helens Eruption on Selected Lakes in Washington — Dion and Embrey, 1981, USGS Circular 850-G
- Hazards: Tephra — Excerpt from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987, USGS Open-File Report 87-297
- Maps and Graphics – Ash and Tephra
- Mazama Ash, Crater Lake, Oregon – Menu
- Mount St. Helens May 18, 1980 Tephra – Menu
- Mount St. Helens volcanic-ash fall in the Bull Run watershed, Oregon, March-June 1980 — Shulters and Clifton, 1981, USGS Circular 850-A
- CVO Photo Archives – Ash and Tephra – Mount St. Helens
- Pinatubo – The 1991 Pinatubo eruptions and their effects on aircraft operations — Casadevall, et.al., 1996, IN: Fire and Mud
- Publications and Reports – Ash and Tephra
- Schematic drawing of erupting volcano showing tephra types – Graphic — [Graphic,12K,GIF] — Modified from: Gardner, et.al., 1995, USGS Open-File Report 95-498
- Tephra Accumulation – Thickness vs. Distance of Select Cascade Range Tephras – Plot — Modified from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987
- Toxicity of Mount St. Helens ash leachate to a blue-green alga — McKnight, et.al., 1981, USGS Circular 850-F
- Volcanic Ash — Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific — Neal, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 030-97
- Volcanic Ash – Description
- Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety — Casadevall, (ed.), 1994, USGS Bulletin 2047, 450p.
- Volcanic Ash Fall — A “Hard Rain” of Abrasive Particles — Kenedi, et.al., 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 027-00
- Volcanic Emissions and Global Change Project – CVO Project Menu
- Volcanic Eruptions, Blasts, Plumes, Ballistics, etc. – Menu
- Volcanic Gas and Emissions – Menu
- Volcano and Hydrologic Hazards – Menu
- What To Do if a Volcano Erupts— includes Ashfall
Useful Links
- Useful Links – Volcanic Ash
Other Menus of Interest
- Volcanic Eruptions, Blasts, Plumes, Ballistics, etc. Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Gas and Emissions Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcano and Hydrologic Hazards Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Tephra/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/18/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Calderas and Caldera Formation — Caldera … Caldera Formation … Aniakchak Caldera … Crater Lake Caldera … Hawaiian Calderas … Krakatau Caldera … Long Valley Caldera … Medicine Lake Caldera … Yellowstone Caldera …
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Calderas
- CVO Photo Archives – Calderas
Publications and Reports
- Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World — Newhall and Dzurisin, 1988, USGS Bulletin 1855
- MORE Publications and Reports – CVO Online — includes various calderas
Items of Interest
- Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields), Italy, – Menu — Italy Menu
- Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon – Menu
- Crater Lake, Oregon, and the eruption of Mount Mazama — formation of Crater Lake Caldera
- Different Volcano Types – Graphic — [Graphic,37K,InlineGIF] — 6 volcano types, including calderas — Modified from: Allen, 1975
- Different Volcano Types – Menu — general information on various types of volcanoes, including calderas
- Fournaise Caldera (Piton de la Fournaise), Reunion Island, Indian Ocean – Menu — Indian Ocean Menu
- Future Eruptions in California’s Long Valley Area — What’s Likely? — Hill, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 073-97
- Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World — Newhall and Dzurisin, 1988, USGS Bulletin 1855
- Krakatau, Indonesia – Menu
- Krakatau, Indonesia, in 1883 — a “classic example of caldera formation”
- Las Canadas, Tenerife, Canary Islands — Canary Islands Menu
- Living With a Restless Caldera–Long Valley, California — Hill, et.al., USGS Fact Sheet 108-96
- Long Valley Caldera – Menu
- Maps and Graphics – Calderas
- Medicine Lake Caldera, California – Menu
- Miyakejima Volcano, Japan — Japan Menu
- Newberry Caldera, Oregon – Menu
- Newberry Caldera Hazards Report — Sherrod, et.al., 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-513
- CVO Photo Archives – Calderas
- Piton de la Fournaise Caldera, Reunion Island, Indian Ocean – Menu
- Publications and Reports – CVO Online — includes various calderas
- Rabaul, Papua New Guinea – Menu
- Response plan for volcano hazards in the Long Valley Caldera and Mono Craters region, California — Hill, et.al., 2002, USGS Bulletin 2185
- Santorini, Greece – Menu — Greece Menu
- Shield Volcanoes – Menu — general information about shield volcanoes
- Stratovolcanoes – Menu — general information about stratovolcanoes
- Tambora, Indonesia — Indonesia Menu
- Tilt Measurements at Long Valley Caldera, California, May-August 1982 — Dzurisin, Cashman, and Sylvester, 1982, USGS Open-File Report 82-893
- Toya Caldera, Japan — Japan Menu
- Volcano Hazards at Newberry Volcano, Oregon — Sherrod, et.al., 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-513
- Yellowstone, Wyoming – Menu
Other Menus of Interest
- Different Volcano Types Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Eruptions Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Calderas/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/18/08, Lyn Topinka

Current Activity
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes California Cascade Range Volcanoes
Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: California Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Description, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in California — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992
- Summary of Holocene eruptive activity and probable greatest hazards from future eruptions at volcanic centers in California — Excerpt from: Miller, 1989
California Volcano Menus and Places of Interest
Special Items of Interest
- Visit A Volcano — includes information, maps, links, etc. — includes the Major Cascade Range Volcanoes
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – California
- CVO Photo Archives – California Menu
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – California
- Publications and Reports — CVO Online Publications and Reports, includes Western USA Volcanics
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in California — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Amboy Crater – Menu
- Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California – Map — Map [65K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Black Butte – Menu
- California Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Description, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes California Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Cascades Eruptions During the Past 4000 Years – Graphic — [Graphic,70K,InlineGIF] — includes California Volcanoes Shasta and Lassen
- Cascade Range Volcanoes – Summaries — includes brief volcano summary, links to current publications and research, includes California Volcanoes
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — includes general information about the entire Cascade Range Volcanoes and past Volcanic Activity, including the California Volcanoes
- Clear Lake – Menu
- Climb A Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top” — includes California Volcanoes, such as Lassen Peak
- Coso Volcanic Field – Menu
- Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — general information about the Volcano Deformation Project, including the monitoring of California Volcanoes
- Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Geothermal Activity – Menu — includes California Geothermal Areas
- Glass Mountain – Medicine Lake Menu
- Golden Trout Creek Volcanic Field – Menu
- Gorda Ridge – Menu
- Hazards Reports and Maps — Current, including California Volcanoes
- Inyo Craters, Inyo Domes – Menu
- Konocti (Mount Konocti) – Clear Lake Menu
- Lassen Peak – Climb A Volcano
- Lassen Peak – Menu
- Lassen Peak – Visit A Volcano
- Lassen Volcanic National Park – Visit A Volcano
- Lava Beds – Medicine Lake Menu
- Lava Beds National Monument – Visit A Volcano
- Long Valley Caldera – Menu
- Long Valley Observatory (LVO)
- Long Valley Observatory Website – Link
- Mammoth Mountain – Long Valley Menu
- Maps and Graphics – California
- Medicine Lake – Menu
- Medicine Lake – Visit A Volcano
- Mono Craters, Mono Domes – Menu
- Mount Shasta – Menu
- National Natural Landmark – Amboy Crater
- National Natural Landmark – Mount Shasta
- CVO Photo Archives – California
- Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California — Miller, C.D., 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Publications and Reports – California
- Publications and Reports – CVO Online — entire list of online reports, many of which are about California Volcanoes
- Salton Buttes – Menu
- Shasta (Mount Shasta) – Menu
- Summary of Holocene eruptive activity and probable greatest hazards from future eruptions at volcanic centers in California — Excerpt from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Sutter Buttes – Menu
- The Geysers Geothermal Field – Clear Lakes Menu
- Visit A Volcano — info, maps, diriving information, tourism, links, etc. — includes California Volcanoes
- VolcanoCams Around The World— includes California Volcanoes such as Mount Shasta
- Volcano Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — general information about the Volcano Deformation Project, including the monitoring of California Volcanoes
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — brief description of how the west was formed
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — general information about Volcanoes in the Western United States
Useful Links
- LVO – Long Valley Observatory
- Useful Links – California

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
05/21/07, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Anahim Volcanic Belt … Chilcotin Plateau Basalts … Cordilleran Ice Sheet … Garibaldi … Garibaldi Lake Volcano … Garibaldi Volcanic Belt … Glaciers … Hoodoo Mountain … Meager Mountain … Meager Mountain Volcanic Complex … Stikine Volcanic Belt … Wells Gray – Clearwater Volcanic Field … Wrangell Volcanic Belt … MORE …
Maps and Graphics
- Map, [37K,InlineGIF]: Volcanoes and Volcanic Areas of Western Canada — includes Baker (USA), Churchill, Edgecumbe, Edziza, Garibaldi, Hoodoo, Iskut, Lava Fork, Meager, Nazko, Tseax, Tuya Volcanic Field, Volcano Mountain, Wells Gray — Modified from: Canada Natural Resources, Volcanoes of Canada, 2001, and C.J. Hickson, 1990, IN: Wood and Kienle
Items of Interest
- Anaheim Volcanic Complex – Description
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Chilcotin Plateau Basalts – Description
- Churchill – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Edgecumbe – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Edziza – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Garibaldi – Description
- Garibaldi – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Garibaldi Lake Volcano – Description
- Garibaldi Volcanic Belt – Description
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, and Volcanoes – Description — Canada’s volcanoes and the Ice Age
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Description — general information about the Ice Sheets, including the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Menu — general information about the Ice Sheets, including the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
- Hoodoo Mountain – Description
- Hoodoo Mountain – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Iskut – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Lava Fork – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes and Volcanic Areas of Western Canada – Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Meager (Mount Meager) and Meager Mountain Volcanic Complex – Description
- Meager Mountain – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Nazko – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Stikine Volcanic Belt – Description
- Tseaux – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Tuya Volcanic Field – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Volcano Mountain – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Volcanoes and Volcanic Areas of Western Canada – Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Wells Gray – Clearwater Volcanic Field – Description
- Wells Gray – Location Map — [Map,37K,InlineGIF]
- Wrangell Volcanic Belt – Description
Useful Links
- Volcanoes of Canada — Natural Resources Canada Website [09/06]
- Useful Links – Canada
Other Menus of Interest
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Canada/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
02/06/03, Lyn Topinka

Current Activity
- Link to: Current Seismicity – Pacific Northwest Earthquake Information — Link courtesy University of Washington Geophysics Program
- Current Activity Information – Updates
- Current Activity Information – Archives
Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Cascade Range Volcanoes – Listing — Meager Mountain to Lassen Peak
Current Volcano Hazards Reports and Maps:
- Volcano Hazards Assessment Reports and Maps
Special Items of Interest
- Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades — Dzurisin, et.al., 1997
- POSTER: Eruptions in the Cascade Range During the Past 4,000 Years — Myers and Driedger, 2008, USGS GIP 63
- POSTER: Geologic Hazards at Volcanoes — Myers and Driedger, 2008, USGS GIP 64
- Preparing for The Next Eruption in the Cascades — 1994
- Who’s Keeping Watch Over Cascades Volcanoes? — 1997
- Visit A Volcano – Cascade Range — information, maps, driving information, tourism, links, etc.
- Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark — includes sightings of five Cascade Range Volcanoes
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Cascade Range
- CVO Photo Library – Cascade Range
Publications and Reports
- Volcano Hazards Assessment Reports and Maps – Menu — Current Hazards Assessments for Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Publications and Reports – CVO Online Menu — includes many Cascade Range Volcano Publications
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the United States — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Annotated NASA Images – Menu— includes many Cascade Range volcanoes, such as Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Hood, and the Three Sisters
- Ash Accumulation of 10cm or More, Cascade Range Volcanoes – Map — Modified from: Scott, et.al., 1995
- Ash Accumulation – Thickness vs. Distance of Select Cascade Range Tephras – Plot — Modified from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987
- Calderas and Caldera Formation – Menu — general information about Calderas and Caldera formation, includes many Cascade Range volcanoes such as Crater Lake, Medicine Lake, and Newberry
- California Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — general information on California Cascade Range volcanoes, such as Lassen Peak and Mount Shasta
- Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — the Cascade Range extends into Canada
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — brief description of current volcanic activity around the Cascade Range, including Baker, Glacier Peak, Rainier, Adams, and St. Helens in Washington State; Hood, Jefferson, Three Sisters, Newberry, and Crater Lake in Oregon; and Medicine Lake, Shasta, and Lassen Peak in California
- Cascade Range Earthquakes and Seismicity – Description
- Cascade Range Earthquakes and Seismicity – Menu
- Cascades Eruptions During the Past 4000 Years – Graphic — Graphic, in GIF and PDF Formats
- Cascade Range Volcanoes – Listing — arranged north to south
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Central Oregon High Cascades – Description — general information about the Oregon “High Cascades” Volcanoes, from Mount Hood through Crater Lake
- Central Oregon High Cascades – Menu — general information about the Oregon “High Cascades” Volcanoes, from Mount Hood through Crater Lake
- Cinder Cones and Scoria Cones – Menu — general information about Cinder Cones, includes Lava Butte and Pilot Butte
- Climb A Volcano — includes many Cascade Range Volcanoes, including Lassen Peak, Lava Butte, and Mount St. Helens
- Columbia Plateau – Menu — general information about the volcanic Columbia Plateau Region of Washington State, Idaho, and Oregon, and the relationship to the Cascade Range Volcanics
- Columbia River – Menu — the Columbia River cuts through the Cascade Range, creating part of the Washington and Oregon border
- Current Activity Information – Archives
- Current Activity Information – Updates
- Link to: Current Seismicity – Pacific Northwest Earthquake Information — Link courtesy University of Washington Geophysics Program
- Current Update – Cascade Range — volcanic activity, seismic activity, monitoring activity
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — The aim of the Decade Volcanoes project is to direct attention to a small number of selected, active volcanoes world-wide and to encourage the establishment of a range of research and public-awareness activities aimed at enhancing an understanding of the volcanoes and the hazards posed by them … includes Mount Rainier
- Earthquakes and Seismicity – Description — general information about Earthquakes and Seismicity of the Cascade Range
- Earthquakes and Seismicity – Menu — general information about Earthquakes and Seismicity, including those of the Cascade Range
- Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon — Sherrod and Smith, 2000, I-2569
- Geologic Mapping in Southern Washington Cascades – CVO Project Menu
- Hazards and Features – Menu — Glossary of Volcanic Hazards, Features, and Volcano Types, including those hazards, features, and types found in the Cascade Range
- Hazards Reports and Maps — Current Reports, Cascade Range Volcanoes
- High Cascades – Menu — Central Oregon High Cascades
- Juan de Fuca Volcanics – Menu — Juan de Fuca Plate, Juan de Fuca Ridge — general information about the Juan De Fuca Volcanics, which contribute towards the Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades — Dzurisin, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 165-97
- Major Cascade Range Volcanoes – Map — [InteractiveImagemap,200K,InlineGIF]
- Major Cascade Range Volcanoes in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California – Map — [Map,16K,GIF] — Modified from: Tilling, et.al., 1990
- Maps and Graphics – Cascade Range
- Monitoring – Menu — Volcano and Hydrologic Monitoring of Volcanoes, including those volcanoes of the Cascade Range
- National Volcano Early Warning System — Ewert et.al., 2005, USGS Open-File Report 2005-1164
- National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS) — Ewert, et.al., 2006, USGS Open-File Report 2006-3142
- North Cascades – Menu
- Notable Eruptions of Volcanoes in the United States during the 20th Century — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Open House 2005 – Images
- Oregon Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — general information on Oregon Cascade Range volcanoes, such as Mount Hood and Crater Lake
- Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network — Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Three Sisters, and Crater Lake
- CVO Photo Archives – Cascade Range
- POSTER: Eruptions in the Cascade Range During the Past 4,000 Years — Myers and Driedger, 2008, USGS GIP 63
- POSTER: Geologic Hazards at Volcanoes — Myers and Driedger, 2008, USGS GIP 64
- Preparing for The Next Eruption in the Cascades — 1994, USGS Open-File Report 94-585
- Projects and Research – Menu — includes many Cascade Range Projects
- Publications and Reports — CVO Online
- Seismic Monitoring at Cascade Volcanic Centers, 2004 — Status and Recommendations — Moran, 2005, USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5211
- Seismicity – Menu — general information about Earthquakes and Seismicity, including those of the Cascade Range
- Shield Volcanoes – Menu — general information about Shield Volcanoes, includes Cascade Range Volcanoes as Belknap and Mount McLoughlin
- Stratovolcanoes – Menu — general information about Stratovolcanoes, includes Cascade Range Volcanoes as Mounts Rainier and St. Helens
- Tephra Accumulation of 10cm or More, Cascade Range Volcanoes – Map — Modified from: Scott, et.al., 1995
- Tephra Accumulation – Thickness vs. Distance of Select Cascade Range Tephras – Plot — Modified from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987
- Visit A Volcano – Menu — Cascade Range Volcanoes and National Parks and Monuments around the United States, includes information, maps, and useful links
- VolcanoCams Around The World — includes Washington, Oregon, and California Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Volcano Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — general information about the Volcano Deformation Project, including the monitoring of the Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Volcano Hazards Assessment Reports and Maps — Current Hazards Assessments for Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Volcano Names — How did that volcano get that name?
- Volcano-Warning Scheme for the Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark — includes sightings of five Cascade Range Volcanoes
- Washington State Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — general information on Washington State Cascade Range volcanoes, such as Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, and Mount St. Helens
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu
- Who’s Keeping Watch Over Cascades Volcanoes? — 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-125
Useful Links

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Cascades/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
07/22/08, Lyn Topinka

Central America Menus
- Belize
- Costa Rica Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- El Salvador Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Guatemala Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Honduras
- Nicaragua Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Panama
Maps and Graphics
Publications and Reports
Items of Interest
- Costa Rica Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Costa Rica Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Costa Rica, Major Volcanoes of Costa Rica – Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Santa Maria (Guatemala)
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]— includes Santa Maria (Guatemala)
- El Salvador Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- El Salvador Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- El Salvador, Major Volcanoes of El Salvador – Map — [Map,18K,InlineGIF]
- Guatemala Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Guatemala, Major Volcanoes of Guatemala – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Hurricane Mitch Reports — El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, 2001
- In Harm’s Way: Population and Volcanic Risk — Ewert and Harpel, 2004, IN: Geotimes, April 2004, p.14-17
- Nicaragua Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu
- Nicaragua, Major Volcanoes of Nicaragua – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Plate Tectonics Menu — CVO Menu
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1987-1999 — [Map,139K,InlineGIF]— includes Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/CentralAmerica/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Chile Volcanoes and Volcanics— Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Cerro Azul (Quizapu) … Mount Hudson … Villarrica …
Maps and Graphics
- Map [15K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Chile — includes Cerro Azul … Cerro Hudson … Copahue … Llaima … Villarrica …
Items of Interest
- Catastrophic Debris Flows Transformed from Landslides in Volcanic Terrains: Mobility, Hazard Assessment and Mitigation Strategies — Scott, K.M., et.al., 2001, USGS Professional Paper 1630
- Cerro Azul (Quizapu) – Description
- Cero Azul – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Cerro Hudson – Description
- Cero Hudson – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Chile Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description— Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Copahue – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Llaima – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Chile – Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Mount Hudson – Description
- Mount Hudson – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Mount Hudson – 1970-71 eruption, 1973 eruption, and 1991 eruption
- South American Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu — includes Hudson
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1986-2003 — [Map,91K,InlineGIF]— includes Hudson — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97
- Villarrica – Description
- Villarrica – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Volcanoes and Weather – Description — includes references to Mount Hudson
- Volcanoes and Weather – Menu — includes references to Mount Hudson

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Chile/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Clear Lake Volcanic Field — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — including Clear Lake … Clear Lake Volcanic Field … The Geysers Geothermal Field … McLaughlin Mine … Mount Konocti … Sulphur Bank Mine …
Maps and Graphics
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major West Coast Volcanoes – Washington, Oregon, and California — Graphic by: Lyn Topinka, 1998
- Map [27K,InlineGIF]: Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Map [65K,InlineGIF]: Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Maps and Graphics – California
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – California
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in California — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, includes Clear Lake
- Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — [Map,65K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Clear Lake Volcanic Field – Description
- Geothermal Energy – Menu — includes The Geysers Geothermal Field
- Konocti (Mount Konocti) – Description
- Major West Coast Volcanoes – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF] — Graphic by: Lyn Topinka, 1998
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major West Coast Volcanoes – Washington, Oregon, and California — Graphic by: Lyn Topinka, 1998
- Map [27K,InlineGIF]: Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Map [65K,InlineGIF]: Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Maps and Graphics – California
- Mining and Mineral Resources – Menu — includes Sulphur Bank Mine and McLaughlin Mine
- Mount Konocti – Description
- “The Plus Side of Volcanoes” – Geothermal Energy — includes The Geysers Geothermal Field
- Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — [Map,27K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Sulphur Bank Mine and McLaughlin Mine – Description
- Summary of Holocene eruptive activity and probable greatest hazards from future eruptions at volcanic centers in California — From: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- The Geysers Geothermal Field
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Description — general information about volcanic fields such as Clear Lake
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Menu — general information about volcanic fields such as Clear Lake
Useful Links
- Useful Links – California
Other Menus of Interest
- California Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Geothermal and Hydrothermal Activity Menu — CVO Menu
- Mining and Mineral Resources Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Fields Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/ClearLake/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/30/03, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Colombia Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Galeras … Huila … Nevado del Ruiz …
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Colombia — includes Dona Juana … Galeras … Huila … Nevado del Ruiz … Purace … Tolima …
- CVO Photo Archives – Nevado del Ruiz
Items of Interest
- Catastrophic Debris Flows Transformed from Landslides in Volcanic Terrains: Mobility, Hazard Assessment and Mitigation Strategies — Scott, K.M., et.al., 2001, USGS Professional Paper 1630
- Colombia Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D. — includes Nevado del Ruiz
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF]— includes Galeras
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Galeras
- Dona Juana – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Galeras – Description
- Galeras – Decade Volcano Menu
- Galeras – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Hazard-Zone Maps and Volcanic Risk — includes Nevado del Ruiz — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992
- Huila – Description
- Huila – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Colombia – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Mudflows and Lahars – Description — general information about mudflows and lahars, such as which occurred at Nevado del Ruiz
- Mudflows and Lahars – Menu — general information about mudflows and lahars, such as which occurred at Nevado del Ruiz
- Nevado del Ruiz – Deadliest Volcanic Eruption
- Nevado del Ruiz – Description
- Nevado del Ruiz – Hazard-Zone Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Nevado del Ruiz – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Nevado del Ruiz – Menu — including November 1985 eruptions and lahar information
- Nevado del Ruiz – CVO Photo Archives
- CVO Photo Archives – Nevado del Ruiz
- Purace – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Ruiz – Deadliest Volcanic Eruption
- Ruiz – Description
- Ruiz – Hazard-Zone Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Ruiz – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Ruiz – Menu — including November 1985 eruptions and lahar information
- Ruiz – CVO Photo Archives
- South America Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Tolima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu — includes Huila, Galeras, and Ruiz
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1986-2003 – Map — [Map,91K,InlineGIF]— includes Huila and Galeras — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Colombia/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Composite Volcanoes – Stratovolcanoes — Composite Cones … Composite Volcanoes … Subduction-Zone Volcanoes … Strato Cones … Stratovolcanoes …
Major Cascade Range Stratovolcanoes
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Stratovolcanoes
- CVO Photo Archives – Cascade Stratovolcanoes
Items of Interest
- Cascade Range Volcanoes – Menu — includes many Stratovolcanoes, such as Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta
- Composite Volcanoes and Stratovolcanoes – Description
- Different Volcano Types – Graphic — [Graphic,37K,InlineGIF] — 6 volcano types including stratovolcanoes — Modified from: Allen, 1975
- Different Volcano Types – Menu
- Maps and Graphics – Stratovolcanoes
- Plate Tectonics – Menu — general information about plate tectonics, including maps, “Ring of Fire”, and why volcanoes exist where they do
- CVO Photo Archives – Cascade Stratovolcanoes
- Shield Volcano vs. Composite Volcano – Graphic — [Graphic,10K,GIF] — Mauna Loa, Hawaii, vs. Mount Rainier, Washington — Modified from: Tilling, Heliker, and Wright, 1987
- Stratovolcanoes – Description
Other Menus of Interest
- Cascade Range Menu — CVO Menu
- Different Volcano Types Menu — CVO Menu
- Plate Tectonics Menu — CVO Menu
- Shield Volcano Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/StratoVolcano/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/18/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Coso Volcanic Field — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
Maps and Graphics
- Map [27K,InlineGIF]: Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Map [65K,InlineGIF]: Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Maps and Graphics – California
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – California
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the United States — From: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, includes Coso Volcanic Field
- Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — [Map,65K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Coso Volcanic Field – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Map [27K,InlineGIF]: Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Map [65K,InlineGIF]: Areas subject to potential hazards from future eruptions in California — Modified from: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Maps and Graphics – California
- Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Western United States — [Map,27K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States: USGS General Interest Publication
- Summary of Holocene eruptive activity and probable greatest hazards from future eruptions at volcanic centers in California — From: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Description — general information about Volcanic Fields such as Coso
Useful Links
- Useful Links – California
Other Menus of Interest
- California Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Geothermal and Hydrothermal Activity Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Fields Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/California/Coso/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/30/03, Lyn Topinka

Current Activity
- Link to: Current Seismicity — Link courtesy University of Washington Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Crater Lake
Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Mount Mazama Volcano and Crater Lake Caldera — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive Activity — Crater Lake Caldera … Crater Lake History … Crater Lake Climactic Eruption … Crater Lake National Park … Caldera Formation … Chaski Bay Landslide … Crater Lake … Discovery Point … Geologic Setting … Hillman Peak … Hydrologic Monitoring … Mazama Volcano … Mazama Ash … Merriam Cone … Mount Scott … Mount Mazama … Palisade Point … Phantom Ship … Volcano Monitoring … Wizard Island …
Current Hazards Report
- CURRENT 1997 HAZARDS REPORT: Volcano and Earthquake Hazards in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon
Special Items of Interest
- Mount Mazama and Crater Lake: Growth and Destruction of a Cascade Volcano — Klimasauskas, et.al., 2002, USGS Fact Sheet 092-02
- Visit A Volcano – Crater Lake National Park — information, maps, driving information, tourism, links, etc.
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Crater Lake
- CVO Photo Archives – Crater Lake
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Crater Lake
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in Oregon — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Crater Lake
- Cascades Eruptions During the Past 4000 Years – Graphic — [Graphic,70K,InlineGIF] — includes Crater Lake
- Chaski Bay Landslide
- Climb A Volcano – Crater Lake — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top” — includes Crater Lake Rim Drive, highpoint in park Mount Scott, down to the Lake at Cleetwood Cove, etc.
- Climb A Volcano in a Volcano – Wizard Island — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Crater Lake – Climb A Volcano
- Crater Lake – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive Activity
- Crater Lake – Geologic Setting — Excerpt from: Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Crater Lake – Historical Earthquakes — Excerpt from: Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Crater Lake – Lake Description
- Crater Lake – Location Map — [Map,14K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: National Park Service
- Crater Lake – Visit A Volcano
- Crater Lake National Park – Climb A Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Crater Lake National Park – Location Map — [Map,14K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: National Park Service
- Crater Lake National Park – Visit A Volcano — information, maps, driving information, tourism, links, etc.
- Crater Lake revealed — Ramsey, et.al., 2003, USGS Investigations Map I-2790
- Current Seismicity – Link — Link courtesy University of Washington Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
- Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — general information on the Volcano Deformation Project, including the monitoring of Crater Lake Volcano
- Discovery Point
- Earthquakes and Seismicity – Historical — Excerpt from: Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Earthquakes and Seismicity – Menu — Crater Lake Earthquakes and Seismicity Menu
- Eruptive History – Menu — Crater Lake Eruptive History Menu
- Eruptive History of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A. — Bacon, 1983, IN: JVGR v.18
- Generalized Geologic Map of Mount Mazama and Vicinity – Map — [Map,38K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Bacon, et.al., 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-487
- Geographic Setting
- Geologic Map of Crater Lake Caldera Floor – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Bacon, et.al., 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-487
- Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon — Sherrod and Smith, 2000, I-2569
- Geologic Setting — Excerpt from: Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Hazards – Menu — Crater Lake Volcano and Hydrologic Hazards Menu
- Hazards Report and Map — Current 1997
- Hillman Peak — caldera highpoint
- Historical Earthquakes — Excerpt from: Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Hydrothermal Activity
- Location Map: Crater Lake National Park — [Map,14K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: National Park Service
- Map – Earthquake Epicenters and Magnitudes in the Crater Lake Region, 1920-1995 — [Map,29K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Bacon, et.al., 1997, USGS Open-File Report 97-487
- Maps and Graphics – Crater Lake
- Mazama Ash – Description
- Mazama Ash – Menu
- Measurements of slope distances and vertical angles at Mount Baker and Mount Rainier, Washington, Mount Hood and Crater Lake, Oregon, and Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak, California, 1980-1984 — Chadwick, et.al., 1985, USGS Open-File Report 85-205
- Merriam Cone
- Monitoring – Crater Lake Menu — Crater Lake Volcano Monitoring Menu
- Mount Mazama – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Mount Mazama – Eruptive History – Menu
- Mount Mazama and Crater Lake: Growth and Destruction of a Cascade Volcano — Klimasauskas, et.al., 2002, USGS Fact Sheet 092-02
- Mount Scott — National Park highpoint
- Palisades Point
- Phantom Ship
- CVO Photo Archives – Crater Lake
- Plot – 1997-2007, Seismic Plot — [Graphic,25K,InlineGIF] — showing relationship between time and depth of earthquakes (quality CC or better) beneath Crater Lake. “0” depth corresponds to sealevel. — Modified from University of Washington’s Geophysics Program
- Precise level lines at Crater Lake, Newberry Crater, and South Sister, Oregon — Yamashita and Doukas, 1987, USGS Open-File Report 87-293
- Publications and Reports – Crater Lake
- Seismicity – Menu — Crater Lake Earthquakes and Seismicity Menu
- Summary of the eruptive history of Mount Mazama — Excerpt from: Bacon, 1983, IN: JVGR v.18
- Visit A Volcano – Crater Lake — includes information, maps, driving information, links, etc.
- Volcano and Earthquake Hazards in the Crater Lake Region, Oregon — Bacon, et.al., 1997
- Volcano Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — general information on the Volcano Deformation Project, including the monitoring of Crater Lake
- Volcano Names — includes Crater Lake and Mount Mazama
- Wizard Island Cinder Cone
Useful Links
- Useful Links – Oregon — includes Crater Lake
Other Menus of Interest
- Cascade Range Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- Central Oregon High Cascades – Menu — CVO Menu
- Oregon Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/CraterLake/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
07/29/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Geothermal and Hydrothermal Activity — Bumpass Hell … Casa Diablo Hot Springs and Geothermal Facility … Clear Lake Volcanic Field … Coso Volcanic Field … Crater Rock Fumarole Field … Dorr Fumarole Field … Fumaroles … Geothermal Activity … Geysers … Geysers Geothermal Field … Hot Springs … Hydrothermal Activity … Hydrothermal Alteration … Hydrothermal Areas … Lassen Peak … Mount Baker … Mount Hood … Mount Rainier … Mudpots … Newberry Geothermal Project … New Zealand Volcanoes … Old Faithful … Salton Sea Geothermal Field … Solfataras … Sulfur Works … Thermal Areas … Thermal Springs … Yellowstone Hydrothermal Activity … Yellowstone National Park …
Special Items of Interest
- The Plus Side of Volcanoes – Geothermal Energy — includes Newberry, Clear Lake, Long Valley, Salton Sea
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- CVO Photo Archives – Thermal Activity
Items of Interest
- Casa Diablo Hot Springs and Geothermal Facility, Long Valley, California – Description
- Coso Volcanic Field, California – Description — geothermal area, fumaroles, geothermal stream-driven power plant
- Crater Rock, Mount Hood, Oregon – Description — fumarole fields
- Dorr Fumarole Field, Mount Baker, Washington – Description — the Dorr Fumarole Field is near the summit
- Geothermal Energy – The Plus Side of Volcanoes — includes Newberry, Clear Lake, Long Valley, Salton Sea
- Geysers Geothermal Field, Clear Lake, California – Description
- Hood fumarole fields, Mount Hood, Oregon – Description — fumarole fields at the summit
- “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park: fumaroles, steaming ground, and boiling mudpots — Clynne, M.A., Janik, C.J., and Muffler, L.J.P., 2003, USGS Fact Sheet 101-02
- Hydrothermal alteration in the Mount Hood area, Oregon — Bargar et.al., 1993, USGS Bulletin 2054
- Hydrothermal Mineralogy of Core from Geothermal Drill Holes at Newberry Volcano, Oregon — Bargar and Keith, 1999, USGS Professional Paper 1578
- Lassen Peak Hydrothermal Activity – Description — Bumpass Hell and Sulphur Works
- Newberry Geothermal Pilot Project, Newberry Caldera, Oregon – Description
- New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — geothermal energy projects
- Origin, distribution, and rapid removal of hydrothermally formed clay at Mount Baker, Washington — Frank, 1983, USGS Professional Paper 1022-E
- The Plus Side of Volcanoes – Geothermal Energy — includes Newberry, Clear Lake, Long Valley, Salton Sea
- CVO Photo Archives – Thermal Activity
- Rainier Fumarole Fields, Mount Rainier, Washington – Description — active fumaroles at the summit of Mount Rainier
- Salton Sea Geothermal Field, California – Description
- Springs on and in the vicinity of Mount Hood volcano, Oregon — Nathenson, 2004, USGS Open-File Report 2004-1298
- Steamboat Springs, Nevada – Description
- Volcanic Temperatures – Menu— includes volcanic gases and hydrothermal activity
- Volcanic Emissions and Global Change Project – Menu
- Volcanic Gas and Fumaroles – Menu — general information about volcanic gases
- Yellowstone Hydrothermal Activity – Description
Useful Links
- Useful Links – Geothermal
Other Menus of Interest
- Hydrology and Hydrologic Processes Menu — CVO Menu
- “The Plus Side of Volcanoes” Menu — CVO Menu
- Volcanic Gas and Fumaroles Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/ThermalActivity/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
04/24/07, Lyn Topinka

Current Activity
- Link to: Current Seismicity — Link courtesy University of Washington Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Glacier Peak
Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Glacier Peak Volcano — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive Activity — includes Glacier Peak … Eruptive History … Historical Information …
Current Hazards Report
- CURRENT 1995 HAZARDS REPORT: Volcanic-Hazard Zonation for Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington
Special Items of Interest
- Glacier Peak — History and Hazards of a Cascade Volcano — Mastin and Waitt, 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 058-00
- Is Glacier Peak a Dangerous Volcano? — Mastin and Waitt, 1995, USGS Open-File Report 95-413
- Visit A Volcano – Glacier Peak Vicinity — points of interest, maps, links, etc.
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Glacier Peak
- CVO Photo Archives – Glacier Peak
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Glacier Peak
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in Washington State — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, includes Glacier Peak
- Annotated guide to geologic reports and maps of the Glacier Peak Wilderness and adjacent areas, northern Cascades, Washington — Ford, 1983, USGS OFR83-97
- Areas inundated by debris flows from Glacier Peak eruptions – Map — [Map,21K,InlineGIF] — From: Mastin and Waitt, 1995, USGS Open-File Report 95-413
- Baker (Mount Baker) – Menu — nearby neighbor
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Glacier Peak
- Cascades Eruptions During the Past 4000 Years – Graphic — [Graphic,70K,InlineGIF] — includes Glacier Peak
- Current Seismicity – Link — Link courtesy University of Washington Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
- Earthquakes and Seismicity – Menu
- Eruptive History – Description
- Eruptive History – Menu
- Geographic Setting
- Geologic Map of Washington State — [Map,82K,InlineGIF]
- Geology of Interactions of Volcanoes, Snow, and Water – CVO Project Menu
- Glacier Peak Activity during the last 14,000 years – Graphic — [Graphic,12K,InlineGIF] — From: Mastin and Waitt, 1995, USGS Open-File Report 95-413
- Glacier Peak Eruption History – Graphic — [Graphic,44K,GIF] — From: Mastin and Waitt, 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 058-00
- Glacier Peak — History and Hazards of a Cascade Volcano — Mastin and Waitt, 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 058-00
- Glacier Peak Volcano – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive Activity
- Glacier Peak Volcano – Visit A Volcano — information, maps, links, tourism, etc.
- Hazards – Menu
- Hazards Report and Map — Current 1995
- Historical Information
- History and Hazards of a Cascade Volcano – Glacier Peak — Mastin and Waitt, 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 058-00
- Hydrology – Menu
- Is Glacier Peak a Dangerous Volcano? — Mastin and Waitt, 1995, USGS Open-File Report 95-413
- Maps and Graphics – Glacier Peak
- Mount Baker – Snoqualmie National Forest — U.S. Forest Service Links
- North Cascades – Menu — general information on the North Cascades, including Mount Baker and Glacier Peak
- On batholiths and volcanoes – intrusion and eruption of late Cenozoic magmas in the Glacier Peak area, North Cascades, Washington — Tabor and Crowder, 1969, USGS Professional Paper 604
- Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) — University of Washington’s Geophysics Program’s Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN)
- CVO Photo Archives – Glacier Peak
- Plot of Thickness vs. Distance from Vent for Several Tephras from Cascade Range Volcanoes — includes Glacier Peak Eruption 11,000-12,000 years B.P. – Graphic — [Graphic,18K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Hoblitt, et.al., 1987, USGS Open-File Report 87-297
- Postglacial volcanic deposits at Glacier Peak, Washington, and potential hazards from future eruptions; a preliminary report — Beget, 1982, USGS Open-File Report 82-830, 81p.
- Publications and Reports – Glacier Peak
- Seismicity – Menu
- Stratigraphy and distribution of tephra from Glacier Peak (of 12,000 years ago) in the northern Cascade Range, Washington — Porter, 1976, USGS Open-File Report 76-186
- Visit A Volcano – Glacier Peak — includes information, maps, tourism, links, etc.
- Volcanic-Hazard Zonation for Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington — current 1995 Hazards Report, USGS Open-File Report 95-499
- Volcano Names — includes Glacier Peak
Useful Links
- Useful Links – Washington State — includes Glacier Peak Region
Other Menus of Interest
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Washington State Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/GlacierPeak/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
07/29/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Guatemala Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Acatenango … Agua … Amatitlán Caldera … Atitlán … Fuego … Pacaya … Santa María … Santiaguito …
Maps and Graphics
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Guatemala — Acatenango … Agua … Almolonga … Atitlán … Fuego … Pacaya … Santa Maria/Santiaguito … Toliman …
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Guatemala
Items of Interest
- Acatenango – Description
- Acatenango – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Acatenango – Past Events at Fuego and Acatenango Volcanoes, Guatemala — Excerpts from: Vallance, et.al., 2001
- Acatenango – Volcano Hazards at Fuego and Acatenango, Guatemala — Vallance, et.al., 2001, USGS Open-File Report 01-431
- Agua – Description
- Agua – Lahar Hazards at Agua Volcano, Guatemala — Schilling, et.al., 2001, USGS Open-File Report 01-432
- Agua – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Amatitlán Caldera – Description
- Almolonga – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Atitlán – Description
- Atitlán – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Atitlán – Volcanic Hazards at Atitlán Volcano, Guatemala — Haapala, et.al., 2006, USGS Open-File Report 2005-1403
- Central America Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF] — includes Santa Maria/Santiaguito
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Santa Maria and Santiaguito
- Fuego – Description
- Fuego – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Fuego – Past Events at Fuego and Acatenango Volcanoes, Guatemala — Excerpts from: Vallance, et.al., 2001
- Fuego – Volcano Hazards at Fuego and Acatenango, Guatemala — Vallence, et.al., 2001, USGS Open-File Report 01-431
- Guatemala Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Hurricane Mitch Reports — El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, 2001
- In Harm’s Way: Population and Volcanic Risk — Ewert and Harpel, 2004, IN: Geotimes, April 2004, p.14-17
- Major Volcanoes of Guatemala – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Pacaya – Description
- Pacaya – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Publications and Reports – Guatemala
- Santa Maria – Decade Volcano
- Santa Maria – Description
- Santa Maria – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Santiaguito – Description
- Toliman – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu — includes Pacaya
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1986-2003 – Map — [Map,91K,InlineGIF]— includes Pacaya — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Guatemala/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Iceland Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Bárdarbunga … Eldfell … Grimsvötn … Heimaey … Hekla … Helgafell … Katla … Kverkfjöll … Laki … Mardarbunga … Sub-Glacial Eruptions 1996 … Surtsey … Vatnajökull Icecap … Vestmannaeyjar …
Maps and Graphics
- Map [15K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes in Iceland — Grimsvötn … Heimaey … Hekla … Krafla … Laki … Loki-Fogrufjoll … Surtsey … Vatnajökull … Vestmannaeyjar …
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Iceland
- Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heymaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland — Williams and Moore, USGS General Interest Publication
Items of Interest
- Bárdarbunga – Description
- Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History
- Glaciers and Glaciations Menu — CVO Menu
- Grimsvötn – Description
- Grimsvötn – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Description — general information about Glaciations and Ice Sheets
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Menu — general information about Glaciations and Ice Sheets
- Heimaey – Description
- Heimaey – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Heimaey – 1973 Eruption — Excerpt from: Williams, Jr., and Moore
- Hekla – Description
- Hekla – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Katla – Description
- Katla – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Laki – Description
- Laki – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Loki-Fogrufjoll – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Iceland – Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heymaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland — Williams, Jr., and Moore, USGS General Interest Publication
- Plate Tectonics Menu — CVO Menu
- Publications and Reports – Iceland
- Submarine Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- Surtsey – Description
- Surtsey – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Vatnajökull – Description — 1996 Sub-Glacier Eruptions
- Vatnajökull – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]
- Vestmannaeyjar – Description
- Vestmannaeyjar – Location Map — [Map,15K,InlineGIF]

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Iceland/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka.

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Idaho Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — Columbia Plateau … Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) … Craters of the Moon Volcanic Field … Craters of the Moon National Monument … Snake River … Snake River Plain … Yellowstone Plateau …
Special Items of Interest
- Visit A Volcano – Craters of the Moon National Monument — includes information, maps, driving information, links, etc.
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Idaho
- Annotated NASA Image [30K,InlineJPG]: Craters of the Moon, Idaho — NASA Photo, courtesy NASA Earth From Space; Modified with text by USGS/CVO.
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the United States — From: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073, includes Idaho Volcanoes
- Annotated NASA Image [30K,InlineJPG]: Craters of the Moon, Idaho — NASA Photo, courtesy NASA Earth From Space; Modified with text by USGS/CVO.
- Columbia Plateau and Columbia River Basalt Group – Description
- Columbia Plateau and Columbia River Basalt Group – Menu — includes general information about the Columbia Plateau, which extends into Idaho
- Columbia River Flood Basalts — [Map,30K,InlineGIF]
- Craters of the Moon – Annotated NASA Image
- Craters of the Moon – Description
- Craters of the Moon – Menu
- Craters of the Moon – Visit A Volcano
- Craters of the Moon National Monument – Visit A Volcano — includes information, maps, driving information, links, etc.
- Craters of the Moon Volcanic Field – Description
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Description — general information about the Ice Sheets and castrophic flooding of the Columbia Basin region
- Glaciations, Ice Sheets, Glacial Lakes, and Floods – Menu — general information about the Ice Sheets and castrophic flooding of the Columbia Basin region
- Guide to Some Volcanic Terranes in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Northern California — Johnston and Donnelly-Nolan, 1981, USGS Circular 838
- Idaho and Craters of the Moon National Monument – Map — [Map,10K,InlineGIF]
- Idaho Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description
- Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts – Description — general information about Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts, such as the Snake River Plain
- Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts – Menu — general information about Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts, such as the Snake River Plain
- Maps and Graphics – Idaho
- Snake River – Description
- Snake River Plain – Description
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Description — general information about volcanic fields such as Craters of the Moon
- Volcanic Fields and Lava Fields – Menu — general information about volcanic fields such as Craters of the Moon
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description — how the west was formed
- Western USA Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — general information about Western USA Volcanoes, volcanic activity, and how the west was formed
Useful Links
- Useful Links – Idaho

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Idaho/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
07/01/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Indian Ocean Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Andaman Islands … Barren Island … Comoro Islands … Karthala … Marion Island … Narcondum Island … Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise … Piton de la Fournaise … Piton des Neiges … Reunion Island …
Graphics and Images
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Andaman Islands Volcanoes — includes Barren Island … Narcondum Island …
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major Western Indian Ocean Volcanoes — includes Karthala, Comoro Islands … Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island …
Items of Interest
- Andaman Islands – Description
- Barren Island – Description
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Description — general information about calderas such as Karthala and Piton de la Fournaise
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Menu — general information about calderas such as Karthala and Piton de la Fournaise
- Comoro Islands – Description
- Indian Ocean Volcanoes and Volcanics – Description
- Karthala – Description
- Major Western Indian Ocean Volcanoes – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Marion Island – Description
- Narcondum Island – Description
- Piton de la Fournaise – Description
- Piton de la Fournaise – VolcanoCams Around the World
- Reunion Island – Description
- Shield Volcanoes – Description — general information about shield volcanoes such as Karthala and Piton de la Fournaise
- Shield Volcanoes – Menu — general information about shield volcanoes such as Karthala and Piton de la Fournaise
- Submarine Volcanoes – Description — general information about submarine bolcanoes and ridges, such as Marion Island
- Submarine Volcanoes – Menu — general information about submarine volcanoes and ridges, such as Marion Island
- VolcanoCams Around the World — includes Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island
- Volcano Types – Island-Arc, Oceanic, and Continental Volcanoes — description of 3 volcano types, including the oceanic volcano type such as Piton de la Fournasie — Excerpt from: Tilling, 1985, Volcanoes: USGS General Interest Publication

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/IndianOcean/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Indonesian Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Agung … Banda Arc … Batur … Bromo … Empung … Galunggung … Galunggung Debris Avalanche … Gunungapi Wetar … Haimahera Volcanoes … Hitman (Mount) … Ijen … Kaba … Karangetang (Api Siau) … Kelut … Krakatau … Lake Batur … Lokon … Lokon-Empung … Merapi … Merapi Volcano Observatory … Peuet Sague … Sandsea Caldera … Sangeang Api … Semeru … Soputan … Sulawesi-Sangihe Volcanoes … Sunda Arc … Tambora … Ten Thousand Hills of Tasik Malaja … Tengger Caldera … Tompaluan … Tutung … Ungaran Volcano … Volcanological Survey of Indonesia … VSI …
Special Items of Interest
- DESCRIPTION: 1883 Eruption of Krakatau
- “Frequently Asked Questions” about Krakatau
Maps and Graphics
- Map [34K,InlineGIF]: Locations of Major Volcanoes in Indonesia with eruptions since 1900 A.D. — includes 65 volcanoes which have erupted in Indonesia since 1900 A.D.
Items of Interest
- 1815 Tambora Eruption – Description
- 1883 Krakatau Eruption – Description
- 1994 Merapi Eruption – Eruption Updates and VDAP Response
- Agung – Description
- Agung – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Agung – Volcanoes and Weather – Description — general information about volcanoes and weather
- Anak Krakatau – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Api Siau – Description
- Api Siau – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Batur – Description
- Batur – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Bromo Cone – Description
- Danan – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 — includes Krakatau, Tambora, and Kelut
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF] — includes Merapi
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Merapi
- Galunggung – Debris Avalanche – Description
- Galunggung – Description
- Galunggung – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Historical Eruptions – Menu — includes Tambora, Krakatau, and Merapi
- Ijen – Description
- Ijen – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Kaba – Description
- Kaba – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Karangetang (Api Siau) – Description
- Karangetang (Api Siau) – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Kelut – Deadly Volcanic Eruption
- Kelut – Description
- Kelut – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Krakatau – Deadly Volcanic Eruption
- Krakatau – Description
- Krakatau – “Frequently Asked Questions”
- Krakatau – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Krakatau – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Krakatau – 1883 Eruption
- Lang Island – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Lokon-Empung – Description
- Lokon-Empung – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes in Indonesia with eruptions since 1900 A.D. – Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF] — 65 Volcanoes
- Map – Major Volcanoes of Indonesia — [35K,InlineGIF]
- Merapi – 1994 Eruption Updates and VDAP Response
- Merapi – Description
- Merapi – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Mining and Mineral Resources – Menu — general information about volcanoes and mining — includes Igen Volcano sulphur mining
- Perboewatan – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Peuet Sague – Description
- Peuet Sague – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1987-1999 – Map — [Map,139K,InlineGIF]— includes Merapi — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97
- Rakata – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Sandsea Caldera – Description
- Semeru – Description
- Semeru – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Soputan – Description
- Soputan – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- South Pacific Volcanoes and Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu
- Tambora – Deadly Volcanic Eruption
- Tambora – Description
- Tambora – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Tambora – 1815 Eruption
- Tambora – Volcanoes and Weather — general information about volcanoes and weather, includes Tambora
- Ten Thousand Hills of Tasik Malaja – Description
- Tengger Caldera – Description
- Tengger Caldera – Location Map — [Map,35K,InlineGIF]
- Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves – Menu — general information about tsunamis and volcanoes, such as what occurred at Krakatau
- VDAP – Volcano Disaster Assistance Program – Menu
- VDAP – Principal Volcanic Regions of the World and VDAP Responses 1986-2003 – Map — [Map,91K,InlineGIF]— includes Merapi — Modified from: Ewert, et.al., 1997, USGS Fact Sheet 064-97
- Verlaten Island – Location Map, Krakatau Island — [Map,30K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Simkin and Fiske, 1983, Smithsonian Institution
- Volcanic Debris Avalanches – Menu — general information about Debris Avalanches such as the one at Gallungung
- Volcanic Debris Avalanches— includes Galunggung Volcano — Excerpt from: Brantley and Glicken, 1986, Earthquakes & Volcanoes, v.18, no.6
- Volcanic Eruptions and Activity – Menu — includes Tambora, Krakatau, and Merapi
- Weather and Volcanoes – Menu — general information about volcanoes and weather — includes Agung and Tambora.

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Indonesia/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Italy Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Baia … Calabrian Arc … Campanian Plain … Campanian Tuff … Campi Flegrei Caldera … Etna … Herculaneum … Miseno … Monte Nuovo … Monte Somma … Mount Vesuvius … Phlegraean Fields Caldera … Pompeii … Roccamonfina … Solfatara Crater … Somma Caldera … Somma-Vesuvius Volcanic Complex … Stromboli … Vesuvius … Vesuvius – 79 A.D. Eruption … Vulcan … Vulcano …
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Map [22K,InlineGIF]: Major Volcanoes of Italy — uncludes Campi Flegrei, Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia, Etna, Panarea, Stromboli, Vesuvius, and Vulcano
Items of Interest
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Menu — general information about calderas and caldera formation, such as Campi Flegrei caldera
- Campi Flegrei Caldera (Phlegraean Fields Caldera) – Description
- Campi Flegrei – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Deadly Volcanic Eruptions — includes Vesuvius
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF] — includes Etna and Vesuvius
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Etna and Vesuvius
- Etna – Decade Volcano Menu
- Etna – Description
- Etna – Italian VolcanoCams
- Etna – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Geothermal and Hydrothermal Activity Menu — CVO Menu
- Herculaneum – Description
- Major Volcanoes of Italy – Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Panarea – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Pompeii – Description
- Soma-Vesuvius Complex – Description
- Stromboli – Description
- Stromboli – Italian VolcanoCams
- Stromboli – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- Vesuvius – Deadly Volcanic Eruption
- Vesuvius – Decade Volcano Menu — Decade Volcanoes Menu
- Vesuvius – Description
- Vesuvius – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- VolcanoCams — “real-time” images of Italian volcanoes, includes Etna, Stromboli, and Vulcano
- Vulcano – Description
- Vulcano – Italian VolcanoCams
- Vulcano – Location Map — [Map,22K,InlineGIF]
- What Is A Volcano? — includes Vulcano

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Italy/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Japan Volcanoes and Volcanics — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — includes Asian Plate … Azuma … Bandai … Bandai Debris Avalanche … Fuji … Fuji Five Lakes … Izu-Marianas arc … Kikai … Misaka Mountains … Submarine Volcanoes … Toya Caldera … Unzen … Usu …
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Map [20K,InlineGIF]: Major Japanese Volcanoes — includes Akan … Asama … Aso … Azuma … Bandai … Fuji … Hachijo-jima … Hakone … Iwate … Iwo-jima … Kikai … Kirishima … Komaga-take … Kuchinoerabu-jima … Miyake-jima … Okinawa-Tori-shima … Oshima … Sakura-jima … Satsuma-Iwo-jima … Shikotsu … Shin-Iwo-jima … Suwanose-jima … Tokachi … Tori-shima … Tokachi … Unzen … Usu
Items of Interest
- Akan – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Asama – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Aso – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Azuma – Description
- Azuma – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Bandai – Description
- Bandai – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Bandai – 1888 Debris Avalanche — Excerpt from: Brantley and Glicken, 1986, Earthquakes & Volcanoes, v.18, no.6
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Description — general information about calderas
- Caldera and Caldera Formation – Menu — general information about calderas
- Deadly Volcanic Eruptions — includes Unzen
- Debris Avalanches and Volcanic Landslides – Description — general information about debris avalanches, such as occurred at Bandai in 1888 and Unzen in 1792
- Debris Avalanches and Volcanic Landslides – Menu — general information about debris avalanches, such as occurred at Bandai in 1888 and Unzen in 1792
- Decade Volcanoes – Location Map — [Map,16K,InlineGIF] — includes Unzen and Sakurajima
- Decade Volcanoes – Menu — includes Sakurajima and Unzen
- Deadly Volcanic Eruptions — includes Unzen
- Fuji – Description
- Fuji – Japanese VolcanoCams
- Fuji – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Hachiijo-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Hakone – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Iwate – Japanese VolcanoCams
- Iwate – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Iwo-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Kikai Caldera – Description
- Kikai Caldera – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Kinishima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Komaga-take – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Kuchinoerabu-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Major Volcanoes of Japan – Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Miyake-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Northern Pacific Volcanoes and Volcanic Islands – Menu
- Okinawa-Tori-shima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Oshima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Sakura-jima – Decade Volcanoes Menu
- Sakura-jima – Japanese VolcanoCams
- Sakura-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Satsuma-Iwo-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Sikotsu – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Shin-Iwo-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Submarine Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- Suwanose-jima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Tokachi – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Tori-shima – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Toya Caldera – Description
- Tsunamis and Seismic Sea Waves – Menu — general information about tsunamis, such as occurred at Unzen in 1792
- Unzen – Decade Volcanoes Menu
- Unzen – Description
- Unzen – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Unzen – 1991-1995 Eruption
- Unzen – 1792 Mount Mayuyama Landslide and Tsunami
- Usu – Description
- Usu – Location Map — [Map,20K,InlineGIF]
- Volcanic Debris Avalanches – Description— general information about Debris Avalanches such as that at Bandai
- Volcanic Debris Avalanches – Menu— general information about Debris Avalanches such as that at Bandai
- Volcanic Debris Avalanches— includes Bandai — Brantley and Glicken, 1986: IN: Earthquakes & Volcanoes, v.18, no.6
- VolcanoCams — “real-time” images of Japanese volcanoes, includes Iwate, Fuji, and Sakurajima

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Japan/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
10/28/08, Lyn Topinka

In a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (volcanic bombs, lapilli, and ash), and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area, Earth‘s largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to mass extinctions. Volcanic eruptions can generally be characterized as either explosive eruptions, sudden ejections of rock and ash, or effusive eruptions, relatively gentle outpourings of lava. A separate list is given below for each type.

All of the eruptions listed below have produced at least 1,000 km³ (240 cu mi) of lava and tephra; for explosive eruptions, this corresponds to a Volcanic Explosivity Index (or VEI) of 8. They are at least a thousand times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens which produced only 1 km³ (0.2 cu mi) of material, and at least six times larger than the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, the largest eruption in recent history, which produced 160 km³ (38 cu mi) of volcanic deposits.

There have probably been many such eruptions during Earth’s history beyond those shown in these lists. However erosion and plate tectonics have taken their toll, and many eruptions have not left enough evidence for geologists to establish their size. Even for the eruptions listed here, estimates of the volume erupted can be subject to considerable uncertainty.

In explosive eruptions, the eruption of magma is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of several eruptions spread over several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick, highly viscous felsic magma, high in volatiles like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Pyroclastic materials are the primary product, typically in the form of tuff. Eruptions the size of that at Lake Toba 74 thousand years ago (2800 km³ or more) occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.

Effusive eruptions involve a relatively gentle, steady outpouring of lava rather than large explosions. They can continue for years or decades, producing extensive fluid mafic lava flows. For example, Kīlauea on Hawaiʻi has continued erupting from 1983 to the present, producing 2.7 km³ (1 cu mi) of lava covering more than 100 km² (40 sq mi). The largest effusive eruption in history occurred in Iceland during the 1783–1784 eruption of Laki, which produced about 15 km³ (4 cu mi) of lava and killed one fifth of Iceland’s population. The ensuing disruptions to the climate may also have killed millions elsewhere.

For a chart on volcanic eruptions and more information, click this link, from which this article was taken:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions

Current Activity
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Lassen Peak
Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Lassen Peak Volcano — Geographic Setting, and Geologic and Eruptive History — Brokeoff Mountain … Brokeoff Volcano … Bumpass Hell … Bumpass Mountain … Chaos Crags … Chaos Jumbles … Cinder Cone … Crater Butte … Devastated Area … Diamond Peak … Eagle Peak … Eruptive History … Fairfield Peak … Hat Mountain … Historical Information … Hot Rock … Hydrology … Lassen National Forest … Lassen Peak … Lassen Peak Lava Dome … Lassen Volcanic National Park … Lassen Volcanic Center … Lava Dome … Monitoring … Mount Conard … Mount Diller … Mount Helen … Mount Tehema … Peter Lassen … Pilot Pinnacle … Raker Peak … Reading Peak … Ski Heil Peak … Sulphur Works … Sunflower Flat domes … Volcano Monitoring …
Special Items of Interest
- Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917 — Clynne, et.al, 1999, USGS Fact Sheet FS173-98
- Volcano Hazards of the Lassen Volcanic National Park Area, California — Clynne, et.al., 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 022-00
- Visit A Volcano – Lassen Volcanic National Park — points of interest, maps, links, etc.
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Maps and Graphics – Lassen
- CVO Photo Archives – Lassen
Publications and Reports
- Publications and Reports – Lassen Peak
Items of Interest
- Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in California — Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
- Brokeoff Volcano
- Bumpass Hell
- Bumpass Mountain
- California Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — general information about California volcanoes and past volcanic activity
- Cascade Range Current Activity Updates — includes Lassen Peak
- Cascades Eruptions During the Past 4000 Years – Graphic — [Graphic,70K,InlineGIF] — includes California Volcanoes Shasta and Lassen
- Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics – Menu — includes general information on the entire Cascade Range Volcanoes, including the California Volcanoes
- Chaos Crags and Chaos Jumbles
- Cinder Cone
- Climb A Volcano – Lassen Peak — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Crater Butte
- Deadly Volcanic Eruptions — includes the Lassen 1914 Eruption
- Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — information about the project, including volcano deformation monitoring at Lassen Peak
- Devastated Area
- Eruptive Activity 1914-1917 – Description
- Eruptive History – Menu
- Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917 — Clynne, et.al, 1999, USGS Fact Sheet FS173-98
- Fairfield Peak
- First Ascent of Lassen Peak, California, 1851
- Fumaroles – “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park: fumaroles, steaming ground, and boiling mudpots — Clynne, et.al., 2003, USGS Fact Sheet 101-02
- Geographic Setting
- Geologic History
- Hazards – Menu
- Hat Mountain
- Historical Information
- Hot Rock
- “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park: fumaroles, steaming ground, and boiling mudpots — Clynne, et.al., 2003, USGS Fact Sheet 101-02
- Lassen (Peter Lassen)
- Lassen Dome
- Lassen Hydrothermal Areas
- Lassen National Forest
- Lassen Peak – Climb A Volcano — “Family Fun – Picnic at the Top”
- Lassen Peak – Description — Geographic Setting, and Geologic and Eruptive History
- Lassen Peak – Visit A Volcano — information, maps, links, tourism, etc.
- Lassen Peak, 1915 Eruptions – Map — [Map,25K,InlineGIF] — Modified from: Clynne, et.al., 1999
- Lassen Volcanic National Park – Visit A Volcano — includes information, maps, the park, tourism, links, etc.
- Maps and Graphics – California
- Maps and Graphics – Lassen Peak
- Measurements of slope distances and vertical angles at Mount Baker and Mount Rainier, Washington, Mount Hood and Crater Lake, Oregon, and Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak, California, 1980-1984 — Chadwick, et.al., 1985, USGS Open-File Report 85-205
- Monitoring – Menu
- Mount Helen
- Mount Tehema – Description
- Mudpots – “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park: fumaroles, steaming ground, and boiling mudpots — Clynne, et.al., 2003, USGS Fact Sheet 101-02
- Peter Lassen
- CVO Photo Archives – Lassen Peak
- Points of Interest – Lassen Volcanic National Park
- Precision Gravity Networks at Lassen Peak and Mount Shasta, California — Jachens, et.al., 1983, USGS Open-File Report 83-192
- Publications and Reports – Lassen Peak
- Reading Peak
- Ski Heil Peak
- Sulphur Works
- Summary of Holocene eruptive activity and probable greatest hazards from future eruptions at volcanic centers in California — includes Lassen Peak — From: Miller, 1989, USGS Bulletin 1847
- Tehema (Mount Tehema) – Description
- Tilt networks of Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak, California — Dzurisin, et.al., 1982, USGS Open-File Report 82-670
- 20th Century Volcanic Eruptions and Their Impact — includes Lassen
- Visit A Volcano – Lassen Peak — information, maps, driving information, tourism, links, etc.
- Volcanic History of the Lassen Volcanic National Park Region — Excerpt from: Clynne, et.al., 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 022-00
- Volcano Deformation Project – CVO Project Menu — information about the project, including volcano deformation monitoring at Lassen Peak
- Volcano Hazards of the Lassen Volcanic National Park Area, California — Clynne, et.al., 2000, USGS Fact Sheet 022-00
- Volcano Names — includes Lassen Peak
Useful Links
- Useful Links – California — includes Mount Lassen Region
Other Menus of Interest
- Cascade Range Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- California Volcanoes Menu — CVO Menu
- Western USA Volcanics Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Lassen/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
05/21/07, Lyn Topinka

Background and Information
- DESCRIPTION: Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts — includes Basalt Floods … Columbia Plateau … Columbia River Basalt Group … Columnar Basalts … Flood Basalts … Lava Plains … Lava Plateaus … Plains Basalts … Plateau Basalts … Snake River Plain …
Maps, Graphics, and Images
- Annotated NASA Image [110K,InlineJPG]: Columbia River and the Columbia Basin, Washington/Oregon, September 1994 — NASA Photo, courtesy “NASA Earth From Space”; Modified with text by USGS/CVO.
- Maps and Graphics – Columbia Plateau
Publications and Reports
- Cenozoic Volcanism in the Cascade Range and Columbia Plateau, Southern Washington and Northernmost Oregon — Swanson, et.al., 1989, AGU Field Trip Guidebook T106
- Geologic History of the Columbia River Gorge — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Information Brochure
- Guides to Some Volcanic Terranes in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Northern California — Johnston and Donnelly-Nolan (eds.), 1981, USGS Circular 838
- MORE Publications and Reports – CVO Online
Items of Interest
- Annotated NASA Image [110K,InlineJPG]: Columbia River and the Columbia Basin, Washington/Oregon, September 1994 — NASA Photo, courtesy “NASA Earth From Space”; Modified with text by USGS/CVO.
- Cenozoic Volcanism in the Cascade Range and Columbia Plateau, Southern Washington and Northernmost Oregon — Swanson, et.al., 1989, AGU Field Trip Guidebook T106
- Columbia Plateau and Columbia River Basalt – Description — Geographic Setting, Geologic and Eruptive History — Columbia Plateau … Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) … Grande Ronde Basalt … Imnaha Basalt … Pasco Basin … Picture Gorge Basalt … Saddle Mountains Basalt … Wallowa Mountains … Wanapum Basalt …
- Columbia Plateau and Columbia River Basalt – Menu — general information about the Columbia Plateau
- Columbia River Basalt Group — Excerpt from: Swanson, 1988, IN: AGU Field Trip Guidebook T-106
- Columbia River Flood Basalts – Map — [Map,30K,InlineGIF]
- Different Volcano Types – Graphic — [Graphic,37K,InlineGIF] — 6 volcano types including flood basalts — Modified from: Allen, 1975
- Different Volcano Types – Menu — includes Lava Plateaus
- Flood Basalts and Lava Plateaus – Description
- Geologic History of the Columbia River Gorge — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Information Brochure
- Guide to geologic field trip between Lewiston, Idaho, and Kimberly, Oregon, emphasizing the Columbia River Basalt Group — Swanson and Wright, 1981
- Guides to Some Volcanic Terranes in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and Northern California — Johnston and Donnelly-Nolan (eds.), 1981, USGS Circular 838
- Lava and Lava Flows – Menu — general information about Magma, Lava, Lava Flows, and Lava Features, including Lava Plateaus
- Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts – Description
- Maps and Graphics – Columbia Plateau
- Snake River Plain, Idaho
Other Menus of Interest
- Different Volcano Types – Menu — CVO Menu
- Lava and Lava Flows – Menu — CVO Menu

URL for CVO HomePage is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/home.html>
URL for this page is: <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaPlateaus/framework.html>
If you have questions or comments please contact: <GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov>
11/18/03, Lyn Topinka

Volcano Images	Submarine Volcano	Seafloor Spreading
Seafloor Spreading Images	Tsunami	Tsunamis Images
Ash Cloud Images	Volcano Eruption	Volcano Vent
Earthquake Report.com	Volcano Lava Images	Caldera
Plate Boundaries	Earthquake Cracks	Lava Flow
Earthquake Fissure	Plate Tectonics – Graphics	Ring of Fire
V olcano Live	Volcano Lightning Images	New Madrid Home Page
Volcano Crater	Volcanic Crater	New Madrid #1
European Earthquakes	NOAA Earthquakes	New Madrid #2
Volcano News	World Earthquakes	New Madrid #3
RSOE EDIS – Disaster	Earthquake Tracker.com	New Madrid #4
Global Disaster	Geologic News	New Madrid #5
Geology.com	USGS Website	New Madrid #6
Earthquake Images	IRIS Earthquake Map	NewMadrid #7
Tsunami Images	NOAA Volcanoes	New Madrid #8
Volcano Images	USGS Map	New Madrid #9
Structure of the Earth	Geology	Earth Science
Earth’s Crust	Earth’s Crust and the Mantle	Mantle
Oceanic Crust	Continental Crust	Lithosphere
Ozone Hole	Volcano Ash Fall	Volcano Hazards
Volcanic Bomb	Volcanic Bomb Images	Plate Tectonics
Mid-Ocean Ridge	Mantle Plume	Seafloor Spreading
Continental Drift	Ocean Basin	Abyssal Plain
Submarine Volcano	Hydrothermal Vent	Sea Vent
Plate Movement	Oceanic Trench	Mantle Plume Images
Submarine Volcano Images	Mid-Ocean Ridge Images	Oceanic Crust Images
Mid-Atlantic Ridge	Pacific Plate	Pacific Plate Tectonics
Volcano Lightning Images	Volcanic Lightning Images	Tectonic Plates
Tectonic Plates Images	Tectonic Plates Maps	Plate Tectonics
List of Tectonic Plates	Tectonic Plates Interactions	Tectonic Plates Movement
Earthquake Map	Earthquake Epicenter	Tsunami
Historic Tsunami	Megatsunami	Pacific Tsunami Center
Tsunami Images	Tsunami from NOAA	The Physics of Tsunamis
Tsunami Research from NOAA	Tsunami from USGS	Tsunami Pictures
Tsunami Data Center	Ash Column	Earth’s Interior

1902

1912

1914-1917

1980-1986

Since 1983

1984

1984

1986

1989-1990

1991

Since 1995