Earth is a very small planet in the Solar System,; within the Milky Way Galaxy,; which is part of the Local Group of about 100 Galaxies,; among the Virgo Supercluster of at least 100 galaxy groups and clusters, with about 2, 000 total galaxies; one of almost 10 million Superclusters within the 100,000 Laniakea Supercluster group of galaxies,; including other objects in the observable universe ; and is in the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament.

Number of galaxies and stars: The observable universe contains as many as an estimated 2 trillion galaxies^[36]^[37]^[38] and, overall, as many as an estimated 10²⁴ stars^[39]^[40] – more stars (and, potentially, Earth-like planets) than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth.^[41]^[42]^[43] Other estimates are in the hundreds of billions rather than trillions.^[44]^[45]^[46] The estimated total number of stars in an inflationary universe (observed and unobserved) is 10¹⁰⁰.^[47]

You are a very, very small; tiny little creature on this “Pale Blue Dot”.

The Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex is estimated to be about 1.0 billion light-years (Gly) long and 150 million light years (Mly) wide. It is one of the largest structures known in the observable universe, but is exceeded by the Sloan Great Wall (1.3 Gly), Clowes–Campusano LQG (2.0 Gly), U1.11 LQG (2.5 Gly), Huge-LQG (4.0 Gly), and Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (10 Gly), respectively.

Sixty clusters comprise the complex, which is estimated to have a total mass of 10¹⁸ M_☉.^[4] According to the discoverer, the complex is composed of 5 parts:

The Pisces–Cetus Supercluster
The Perseus–Pegasus chain, including the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster
The Pegasus–Pisces chain
The Sculptor region, including the Sculptor Supercluster and Hercules Supercluster
The Laniakea Supercluster, which contains our Virgo Supercluster (Local Supercluster) as well as the Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster.^[4]

With its mass of 10¹⁵ M_☉, our Virgo Supercluster accounts only for 0.1 percent of the total mass of the complex.

The complex was named after the Pisces–Cetus Superclusters, which are its richest supercluster

***

November 26, 2024: Dear Viewer, the time of the “Age of Grace” is very quickly coming to a close. Make better use of whatever “Time in Your Life” you have left; especially in “Learning the Scriptures” and preparing your life to enter into the “Spiritual Universe” .

I encourage you: Be extremely careful in your Life or else, you will lose your “Eternal Inheritance” ; when you pass beyond this present “Earth Life”.

***

On this “Pale Blue Dot” called Earth…

***

Make certain; if at all possible, you are part of a Scriptural “Local” New Testament Assembly; before you depart this life and have to appear before the Judgment Seat of the Lord Jesus Christ!!!

***

The “Time of Your Life” is slipping away; don’t get “Caught in a Snare” before the “Second Coming” of the “Son of Man” and all of a sudden, your body fades away; as it returns to the elements of the earth; then you pass through the “Gate of Eternity”…; into the: “Dark Universe” PDF.

I would encourage you to listen to some of these Sermons and read the Bible Studies on this website; including for certain: the Bible itself; along with truthful Bible Study books, while you still have time in your life. You should quickly cut out a lot of the nonsense distractions; that consume the time in your life; because the “Age of Grace” is about to End!!!

Psalms 90: [9] For all our days are passed away in thy wrath: we spend our years as a tale that is told. [10] The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labor and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away. [11] Who knoweth the power of thine anger? Even according to thy fear, so is thy wrath. [12] So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom.

James 4: [13] Go to now, ye that say, To day or to morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year, and buy and sell, and get gain: [14] Whereas ye know not what shall be on the morrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapor, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away. [15] For that ye ought to say, If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this, or that. [16] But now ye rejoice in your boastings: all such rejoicing is evil.

Your Life is immensely short; at the very most, perhaps nearly 100 years.

The age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years { History of the Earth }. Most Galaxies are estimated to be 10.0 to 13.6 billion years old; with the { Milky Way Galaxy } having about 100 to 400 billion stars, is a very old galaxy; at about 13.6 billion years.

There are several of the oldest known stars in the Universe within the Milky Way Galaxy: 1. { HD 140283 } – (also known as the Methuselah star; about 12.0 to 13.7 billion years.) and 2. { List of Oldest Stars } in the Galaxy. There are numerous galaxies in the { Local Group of Galaxies }; although the exact number of galaxies in the Local Group is unknown, as some are occluded by the Milky Way; however, at least 80 members are known, most of which are { Dwarf Galaxies }; which is part of the { Laniakea Supercluster }, containing approximately 100,000 other galaxies. In March 2019, astronomers reported that the { Virial Mass } of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1.54 trillion { Solar Masses }, suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is { Dark Matter }.

There are estimated to be about 10 million { Superclusters } in the { Universe }; { Chronology of the Universe }; { Age of the Universe }; { Cosmic Calendar }; { Timeline of the Early Universe }.

The Universe, having upwards to about 2 trillion { Galaxies } ; being about 13.8 billion years. There are { Dark Galaxies } that are almost void of stars and made up of mostly Dark Matter, such as the { Dragonfly 44 Galaxy }.

There are a countless number of { Cosmic Structures } within the Universe; including things, such as { Black Holes }; { Nebulas }; { Exoplanets }; { Cosmic Voids }; { Quasars }; { Pulsars }; and many trillions of other { Astronomical Objects }.

All of this material makes up only about 5% of existence, as we understand it to be!!! The other 95% is { Dark Matter } and { Dark Energy } or substance beyond the elements of which we know as the Earth and the Universe.

If you don’t want to believe me, I ask you again, to be sure and check out: the: “Dark Universe” PDF.

The { Observable Universe } is made up of { Galaxy Filaments } which are the largest known structures in the { Universe, } consisting of walls of { Galactic Superclusters. }

There are currently slightly over 8 billion people in the world; and throughout the history of humanity, there are estimates to have been about 110 billion people, who have been born, lived and died on earth.

In other words, your life; all of the foolish events that occur throughout the worldwide entertainment industry; the massive (propaganda) fake news media; the many areas of political and social agenda’s that twist and turn like the wind; and yes, even sports programs that last for a moment and are nothing more than a distraction, then vanishes away like a small vapor and finally; all of the false religions, with their pastors, preachers, priests and leaders; that are virtually beyond number, which deceive the masses; including just the daily aspects of life, that overwhelms society; are merely a fraction of the universal time of infinite existence.

My humble suggestion to you: don’t get caught up in all of this type of “nonsense”. It’s simply not worth it and you are wasting your life. Your life is so very, very short!!!

My comment to everyone: Be a responsible person, but: Don’t waste your time on all of these “nonsense things”. Once the moments of your life are gone and whatever “time in your life” you have wasted on these “nonsense things”: You cannot get it back. Not one second; not a minute; not an hour; not a day; absolutely nothing!!! It’s gone forever.

All you have now is the future. Make the best; or at least, better use of whatever “time you have left”, mostly toward seeking the Lord; by Bible Study, Prayer and Correct Scriptural Worship…

*****

Do not let it take you a life time to try and understand the following verses of Scripture. If someone is attempting to teach you the Word of God; correctly, then you should appreciate the opportunity given to you in your life!!!
*****
Isaiah 52: [7] How Beautiful upon the Mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth Peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth!
*
Nahum 1: [15] Behold upon the Mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth Peace!
*
Romans 10: [12] For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him. [13] For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be Saved. [14] How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a Preacher? [15] And how shall they Preach, except they be sent? As it is written, How Beautiful are the feet of them that Preach the Gospel of Peace and bring glad tidings of good things!
*****

***

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot

Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from an unprecedented distance of approximately 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of that day’s Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.

In the photograph, Earth’s apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera.^[1] Commissioned by NASA and resulting from the advocacy of astronomer and author Carl Sagan, the photograph was interpreted in Sagan’s 1994 book, Pale Blue Dot, as representing humanity’s minuscule and ephemeral place amidst the cosmos.^[1]

The photograph was captured by Voyager 1, a spacecraft launched in 1977 with the initial purpose of studying the outer Solar System. After fulfilling its primary mission and as it ventured out of the Solar System, the decision to turn its camera around and capture one last image of Earth emerged, in part due to Sagan’s proposition.^[2]

Over the years, the photograph has been revisited and celebrated on multiple occasions, with NASA acknowledging its anniversaries and presenting updated versions, enhancing its clarity and detail.

Pale Blue Dot
Seen from about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles), Earth appears as a tiny dot within deep space: the blueish-white speck almost halfway up the rightmost band of light.
Artist	Voyager 1
Year	1990
Type	Astrophotography
Location	Interplanetary space
Owner	NASA

In September 1977, NASA launched Voyager 1, a 722-kilogram (1,592 lb) robotic spacecraft on a mission to study the outer Solar System and eventually interstellar space.^[3]^[4] After the encounter with the Jovian system in 1979 and the Saturnian system in 1980, the primary mission was declared complete in November of the same year. Voyager 1 was the first space probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their major moons.

A space probe resting on a stand, with a parabolic antenna pointing upwards and two arms extending from the sides, bearing cameras and other devices, against a black background curtain — The *Voyager 1* spacecraft

The spacecraft, still traveling at 64,000 km/h (40,000 mph), is the most distant human-made object from Earth and the first one to leave the Solar System.^[5] Its mission has been extended and continues to this day, with the aim of investigating the boundaries of the Solar System, including the Kuiper belt, the heliosphere and interstellar space. Since its launch, it receives routine commands and transmits data back to the Deep Space Network.^[3]^[6]^[7]

Voyager 1 was expected to work only through the Saturn encounter. When the spacecraft passed the planet in 1980, Sagan proposed the idea of the space probe taking one last picture of Earth.^[8] He acknowledged that such a picture would not have had much scientific value, as the Earth would appear too small for Voyager‘s cameras to make out any detail, but it would be meaningful as a perspective on humanity’s place in the universe.^[8]

Although many in NASA’s Voyager program were supportive of the idea, there were concerns that taking a picture of Earth so close to the Sun risked damaging the spacecraft’s imaging system irreparably. It was not until 1989 that Sagan’s idea was put in motion, but then instrument calibrations delayed the operation further, and the personnel who devised and transmitted the radio commands to Voyager 1 were also being laid off or transferred to other projects. Finally, NASA Administrator Richard Truly interceded to ensure that the photograph was taken.^[5]^[9]^[10] A proposal to continue to photograph Earth as it orbited the Sun was rejected.^[11]

Camera

Voyager 1‘s Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) consists of two cameras: a 200 mm focal length, low-resolution wide-angle camera (WA), used for spatially extended imaging, and a 1500 mm high-resolution narrow-angle camera (NA) – the one that took Pale Blue Dot – intended for detailed imaging of specific targets. Both cameras are of the slow-scan vidicon tube type and were fitted with eight colored filters, mounted on a filter wheel placed in front of the tube.^[12]^[13]

The challenge was that, as the mission progressed, the objects to be photographed would increasingly be farther away and would appear fainter, requiring longer exposures and slewing (panning) of the cameras to achieve acceptable quality. The telecommunication capability also diminished with distance, limiting the number of data modes that could be used by the imaging system.^[14]

After taking the Family Portrait series of images, which included Pale Blue Dot, NASA mission managers commanded Voyager 1 to power its cameras down, as the spacecraft was not going to fly near anything else of significance for the rest of its mission, while other instruments that were still collecting data needed power for the long journey to interstellar space.^[15]

Photograph

The design of the command sequence to be relayed to the spacecraft and the calculations for each photograph’s exposure time were developed by space scientists Candy Hansen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Carolyn Porco of the University of Arizona.^[9] The command sequence was then compiled and sent to Voyager 1, with the images taken at 04:48 GMT on February 14, 1990.^[16] At that time, the distance between the spacecraft and Earth was 40.47 astronomical units (6,055 million kilometers, 3,762 million miles).^[17]

The data from the camera was stored initially in an on-board tape recorder. Transmission to Earth was also delayed by the Magellan and Galileo missions being given priority use of the Deep Space Network. Then, between March and May 1990, Voyager 1 returned 60 frames back to Earth, with the radio signal traveling at the speed of light for nearly five and a half hours to cover the distance.^[5]

Three of the frames received showed the Earth as a tiny point of light in empty space. Each frame had been taken using a different color filter: blue, green and violet, with exposure times of 0.72, 0.48 and 0.72 seconds respectively. The three frames were then recombined to produce the image that became Pale Blue Dot.^[18]^[19]

Of the 640,000 individual pixels that compose each frame, Earth takes up less than one (0.12 of a pixel, according to NASA). The light bands across the photograph are an artifact, the result of sunlight reflecting off parts of the camera and its sunshade, due to the relative proximity between the Sun and the Earth.^[5]^[20] Voyager’s point of view was approximately 32° above the ecliptic. Detailed analysis suggested that the camera also detected the Moon, although it is too faint to be visible without special processing.^[19]

Pale Blue Dot, which was taken with the narrow-angle camera, was also published as part of a composite picture created from a wide-angle camera photograph showing the Sun and the region of space containing the Earth and Venus. The wide-angle image was inset with two narrow-angle pictures: Pale Blue Dot and a similar photograph of Venus. The wide-angle photograph was taken with the darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (5 milliseconds), to avoid saturating the camera’s vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. Even so, the result was a bright burned-out image with multiple reflections from the optics in the camera and the Sun that appears far larger than the actual dimension of the solar disk. The rays around the Sun are a diffraction pattern of the calibration lamp which is mounted in front of the wide-angle lens.^[19]

Pale blue color

Earth appears as a blue dot in the photograph primarily because of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in its atmosphere. In Earth’s air, short-wavelength visible light such as blue light is scattered to a greater extent than longer wavelength light such as red light, which is the reason why the sky appears blue from Earth.^[21]^[22] (The ocean also contributes to Earth’s blueness, but to a lesser degree than scattering.^[21]) Earth is a pale blue dot, rather than dark blue, because white light reflected by clouds combines with the scattered blue light.^[22]

Earth’s reflectance spectrum from the far-ultraviolet to the near-infrared is unlike that of any other observed planet and is partially due to the presence of life on Earth.^[22] Rayleigh scattering, which causes Earth’s blueness, is enhanced in an atmosphere that does not substantially absorb visible light, unlike, for example, the orange-brown color of Titan, where organic haze particles absorb strongly at blue visible wavelengths.^[23] Earth’s plentiful atmospheric oxygen, which is produced by photosynthetic life forms, oxidizes organics in the atmosphere and converts them to water and carbon dioxide, causing the atmosphere to be transparent to visible light and allowing for substantial Rayleigh scattering and hence stronger reflectance of blue light.^[22]

Reflections

In his 1994 book, Pale Blue Dot, Carl Sagan comments on what he sees as the greater significance of the photograph, writing:

From this distant vantage point, the Earth might not seem of any particular interest. But for us, it’s different. Consider again that dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every “superstar,” every “supreme leader,” every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there – on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.

The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds.

Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves.

The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand.

It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known.

— Carl Sagan^[24]

Anniversaries

In 2015, NASA acknowledged the 25th anniversary of the photograph. Ed Stone, Voyager project scientist, commented: “Twenty-five years ago, Voyager 1 looked back toward Earth and saw a “pale blue dot”, an image that continues to inspire wonderment about the spot we call home.”^[25]

In 2020, for the image’s 30th anniversary, NASA published a new version of the original Voyager photo: Pale Blue Dot Revisited, obtained using modern image processing techniques “while attempting to respect the original data and intent of those who planned the images.” Brightness levels and colors were rebalanced to enhance the area containing the Earth, and the image was enlarged, appearing brighter and less grainy than the original. The direction of the Sun is toward the bottom, where the image is brightest.^[16]^[26]

To celebrate the same occasion, the Carl Sagan Institute released a video with several noted astronomers reciting Sagan’s “Pale Blue Dot” speech.^[27]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble

The Blue Marble is a photograph of Earth taken on December 7, 1972, by either Ron Evans or Harrison Schmitt aboard the Apollo 17 spacecraft on its way to the Moon. Viewed from around 29,400 km (18,300 mi) from Earth’s surface,^[1] a cropped and rotated version has become one of the most reproduced images in history.^[2]^[3]

In the original NASA image, named AS17-148-22727 and centered at about 26°19′49″S 37°25′13″E with the South Pole facing upwards, The Blue Marble shows Earth from the Mediterranean Sea to Antarctica. This was the first time the Apollo trajectory made it possible to photograph the south polar ice cap, despite the Southern Hemisphere being heavily covered in clouds. In addition to the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar, almost the entire coastline of Africa and most of the Indian Ocean are clearly visible, a cyclone in the Indian Ocean is also visible, the South Asian mainland and Australia is on the eastern limb, and the eastern part of South America lies on the western limb.

NASA has also applied the name to a 2012 series of images which cover the entire globe at relatively high resolution. These were created by looking through satellite pictures taken over time in order to find as many cloudless photographs as possible to use in the final images. NASA has verified that the 2012 “blue marble” images are composites, made from multiple images taken in low Earth orbit. Likewise, these images do not fit together properly and due to lighting, weather and cloud interference it is impossible to collect cohesive or fully clear images of the entire Earth simultaneously.^[4]

Photograph

The photograph, taken on December 7, 1972,^[5] is one of the most widely distributed photographic images in existence.^[3] The astronauts had the Earth’s South Pole facing upwards and the Sun above them (in spatial navigation terms, to their zenith)^[6] when they took the image. To the astronauts, the Earth had the appearance and size of a glass marble. ^[vague]

History

Context

The Blue Marble was not the first clear color image taken of an illuminated face of Earth, since such images by satellites had already been made and released as early as 1967,^[7] and is the second time such a photo was taken by a person after the 1968 photograph Earthrise taken by William Anders of Apollo 8.^[8]

Before the Blue Marble a picture of the fully illuminated Earth by the ATS-3 satellite was used in 1968 by Stewart Brand for his Whole Earth Catalog, after campaigning since 1966 to have NASA release a then-rumored satellite image of the entire Earth as seen from space. He got inspired during an LSD trip, seeing a “psychedelic illusion” of the Earth’s curvature, convincing him that a picture of the entire planet would change how humans related to it.^[9]^[10] He sold and distributed buttons for 25 cents each^[11] that asked: “Why haven’t we seen a photograph of the whole Earth yet?”^[12] During this campaign, Brand met Buckminster Fuller, who offered to help Brand with his project.^[13] Several of the pins made their way to NASA employees.^[10]

The Apollo 17 image, however, released during a surge in environmental activism during the 1970s, became a symbol of the environmental movement, as a depiction of Earth’s fragility, vulnerability, and isolation amid the vast expanse of space.^[2]

Today, as speculated by NASA archivist Mike Gentry, The Blue Marble is among the most widely distributed images in history.^[3]

Circumstances

The photograph’s official NASA designation is AS17-148-22727.^[14] It is the third of a series of shots which were taken just before and are nearly identical, NASA photograph AS17-148-22725^[15] and AS17-148-22726, the second also having been used as a full-Earth image.^[16] The widely published versions are cropped and chromatically adjusted from the original photographs.^[17]^[18]

According to the photograph description by NASA it was taken at 05:39 a.m. EST,^[8] 5 hours 6 minutes after launch of the Apollo 17 mission,^[19] and about 1 hour 54 minutes after the spacecraft left its parking orbit around Earth to begin its trajectory to the Moon.^[20] Alternatively, Eric Hartwell has identified it as having been taken slightly earlier at 5 hours 3 minutes, when one crew member states having changed the f-number, presumably between AS17-148-22725, the first of the series of photos, and the following less exposed images like the Blue Marble.^[3] At that time, Africa was in noon^[8] daylight and with the December solstice approaching, Antarctica was also illuminated.

The photograph is at times oriented with Earth’s south pointing up,^[19] relative to the capsule.^[21]

The picture shows many weather systems,^[22] featuring a Shapyro–Keyser cyclone near to the center of the image. Cyclone Sixteen (16B) can be seen in the upper right of the image. This storm had brought flooding and high winds to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on December 5, two days before the photograph was taken.^[23]^[24] This image has also been used to validate state-of-the-art atmospheric reanalysis fifty years after it was taken.^[25]

The photographer used a 70-millimeter Hasselblad camera with an 80-millimeter Zeiss lens.^[26]^[27] NASA generally credits images to the whole crew of a mission.^[3] All crew members, Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt, took photographs during the mission with the onboard Hasselblad. They have largely avoided definitively answering the question of the photographer’s identity by each member claiming to have taken it.^[28] However, interviews^[6] and evidence examined by Eric Hartwell after the mission suggest that Schmitt was the photographer.^[3]

Apollo 17 was the last crewed lunar mission. No human since has been far enough from Earth to photograph a whole-Earth image^[2] such as The Blue Marble, but whole-Earth images have been taken by many uncrewed spacecraft missions.^[29]

Subsequent Blue Marble images

Subsequent similar images of Earth (including composites at much higher resolution) have also been termed Blue Marble images, and the phrase “blue marble” (as well as the picture itself) is frequently used, as in the Earth flag by environmental activist organizations or companies attempting to promote an environmentally conscious image. There has also been a children’s television program called Big Blue Marble. Poet-diplomat Abhay Kumar penned an Earth anthem inspired by the Blue Marble which contains “all the peoples and the nations of the world, one for all, all for one, united we unfurl the blue marble flag”.^[30]^{[better source needed]}

Imaging series 2001–2004

Blue Marble composite images generated by NASA in 2001 and 2002

NASA Earth Observatory animation of Blue Marble Next Generation (2004)

In 2002, NASA released an extensive set of satellite-captured imagery, including prepared images suitable for direct human viewing, as well as complete sets suitable for use in preparing further works.^[31] At the time, 1 km/pixel was the most detailed imagery available for free, and permitted for reuse^[32] without a need for extensive preparatory work to eliminate cloud cover and conceal missing data, or to parse specialized data formats. The data also included a similarly manually assembled cloud-cover and night-lights image sets, at lower resolutions.

A subsequent release was made in 2005, named Blue Marble Next Generation.^[33] This series of digital image mosaics was produced with the aid of automated image-sifting upon images from NASA’s Earth Observatory, which enabled the inclusion of a complete, cloud-free globe for each month from January to December 2004, at even higher resolution (500 m/pixel).^[34] The original release of a single-image set covering the entire globe could not reflect the extent of seasonal snow-and-vegetative cover across both hemispheres, but this newer release closely modeled the changes of the seasons.

A number of interactive viewers for these data have also been released, among them a music visualization for the PlayStation 3 that is based on the texture data.^[34]^[35]

Blue Marble 2012

On January 25, 2012, NASA released a composite image of the Western Hemisphere of Earth titled Blue Marble 2012. Robert Simmon is most notable for his visualization of the Western Hemisphere. The picture logged over 3.1 million views on the Flickr image hosting website within the first week of release.^[36] On February 2, 2012, NASA released a companion to this new Blue Marble, showing a composite image of the Eastern Hemisphere from data obtained on January 23, 2012.^[37]

The picture is composed of data obtained by the Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument on board the Suomi NPP satellite on January 4, 2012.^[37]^[38] The data was obtained from six orbits of the Earth by the Suomi NPP over an eight-hour period.^[37] The image was created using a near-sided perspective projection with the viewing point placed 2,100 km (1,300 miles) above 20° North by 100° West. This projection results in a very wide-angle presentation such as one might get with a fish-eye lens, and it does not include the whole hemisphere.

Black Marble 2012

On December 5, 2012, NASA released a nighttime view of Earth called Black Marble^[39] during an annual meeting of Earth scientists held by the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.^[40] The images display all the human and natural matter that glows and can be detected from space.^[41] The data was acquired by the Suomi NPP satellite in April and October 2012 and then mapped over existing Blue Marble imagery of Earth to provide a realistic view of the planet.^[42] The Suomi NPP satellite completed 312 orbits and gathered 2.5 terabytes of data to get a clear shot of every parcel of the Earth’s land surface. Named for satellite meteorology pioneer Verner Suomi, the satellite flies over any given point on Earth’s surface twice each day and flies 512 miles (824 km) above the surface in a polar orbit.^[43]

The nighttime views were obtained with the new satellite’s “day-night band” of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), which detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared, and uses filtering techniques to observe dim signals such as city lights, gas flares, auroras, wildfires, and reflected moonlight. Auroras, fires, and other stray light have been removed in the case of the Black Marble images to emphasize the city lights.^[42] The images have been used to study the spatial distribution of economic activity, to select sites for astronomical observatories, and to monitor human activities around protected areas.^[42]

DISCOVR

On July 21, 2015, NASA released a new Blue Marble photograph taken by a U.S. Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), a solar weather and Earth observation satellite that was launched in February 2015 and provided a near-continuous view of the entire sunlit-side of the Earth. The image was taken on July 6, 2015.^[44] The photograph, of the Western Hemisphere, is centered over Central America. The Western United States, Mexico and the Caribbean are visible, but much of South America is hidden beneath cloud cover. Greenland can be seen at the upper edge of the image.

The EPIC science team plans to upload 13 new color images per day on their website. The color balance has been adjusted to approximate an image that could be seen with the average human eye. In addition to images, scientific information will be uploaded as it becomes available after in-flight calibration is complete. The science information will be ozone and aerosol amounts, cloud reflectivity, cloud height, and vegetation information. The EPIC instrument views the Earth from sunrise in the west to sunset in the east 12 to 13 times per day as the Earth rotates at 15 degrees of longitude per hour. Clearly visible are storms forming over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, major slowly moving “cloud rivers”, dust aerosol plumes from Africa, the Sun’s reflection in the oceans, ship exhaust tracks in the clouds, rivers and lakes, and the variegated land surface patterns especially in the African deserts. The spatial resolution of the color images is about 10 km (6 miles), and the resolution of the science products will be about 20 km (10 miles). Once every three months, lunar images are obtained that are the same as those viewed from Earth during a full Moon. On occasion, the other side of the Moon will appear in the Earth images as the Moon crosses in front of the Earth.

Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive

| Index | Search | Today’s Picture |

This archive list links to previous daily APOD pages from the current date through January 1, 2015.
An archive of all existing APOD pages (current date through June 16, 1995) can be found here: APOD Full Archive.

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Gen.1

[1] In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
[2] And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
[10] And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
[11] And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
[12] And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
[15] And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
[17] And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
[20] And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
[22] And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
[24] And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
[25] And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
[26] And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
[28] And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
[29] And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
[30] And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.

Gen.2

[1] Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.
[4] These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens,
[5] And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.
[6] But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.

Gen.4

[11] And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother’s blood from thy hand;
[12] When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.
[14] Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me.

Gen.6

[1] And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,
[4] There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
[5] And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
[6] And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
[7] And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.
[11] The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.
[12] And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
[13] And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
[17] And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
[20] Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.

Gen.7

[3] Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.
[4] For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.
[6] And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.
[8] Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth,
[10] And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.
[12] And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.
[14] They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
[17] And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.
[18] And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.
[19] And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
[21] And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:
[23] And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.
[24] And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.

Gen.8

[1] And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged;
[3] And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated.
[7] And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth.
[9] But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.
[11] And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
[13] And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
[14] And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.
[17] Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.
[19] Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark.
[22] While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease.

Gen.9

[1] And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
[2] And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are they delivered.
[7] And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein.
[10] And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth.
[11] And I will establish my covenant with you; neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth.
[13] I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth.
[14] And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud:
[16] And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth.
[17] And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
[19] These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.

Gen.10

[8] And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
[25] And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.
[32] These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

Gen.11

[1] And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
[4] And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.
[8] So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.
[9] Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.

Gen.12

[3] And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed.

Gen.13

[16] And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth: so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered.

Gen.14

[19] And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high God, possessor of heaven and earth:
[22] And Abram said to the king of Sodom, I have lift up mine hand unto the LORD, the most high God, the possessor of heaven and earth,

Gen.18

[18] Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?
[25] That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?

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